{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T10:02:14Z","timestamp":1789984934564,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]],"date-time":"2026-05-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779667200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]],"date-time":"2026-05-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779667200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Health Science Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Rotavirus is a leading cause of severe diarrhoeal disease in young children worldwide. In 2024, Iran introduced the pentavalent oral vaccine Rotasiil\u00ae into its national immunization program. This study aimed to estimate its potential epidemiological impact using an agent\u2010based modeling (ABM) approach.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>An ABM was developed in NetLogo 6.4.0 to simulate rotavirus transmission among children under five in urban and rural settings. Agents represented individual children with attributes such as age, mobility, and susceptibility. Transmission occurred through contact within defined spatial grids, with higher probabilities assigned to rural settings to reflect poorer sanitation. Disease progression included incubation, symptomatic period, temporary immunity, and rare mortality. Two vaccination conditions (vaccinated vs. unvaccinated) were simulated, assuming 98% coverage and 55% seroconversion, consistent with Rotasiil\u2010Liquid trial data. Population turnover and births were incorporated. Each condition was run 1,000 times over one simulated year, and incidence rates and symptomatic days per child\u2010year were calculated. Sensitivity analyses tested low\u2010 and high\u2010incidence assumptions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In urban settings, vaccination reduced incidence from 0.663 to 0.440 cases per child\u2010year (\u2212\u200933.6%) and disease days from 3.895 to 2.584 (\u2212\u200933.7%;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). In rural populations, incidence declined from 0.670 to 0.488 (\u2212\u200927.2%) and disease days from 3.968 to 2.886 (\u2212\u200927.3%;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Sensitivity analyses showed consistent reductions of 26%\u201333% across incidence levels. Epidemic curves demonstrated lower peak intensity and more stable dynamics with vaccination.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Rotasiil is expected to substantially reduce rotavirus burden in Iran, lowering incidence, symptomatic days, and epidemic peak size. These results support the inclusion of rotavirus vaccination as a key child health intervention, though continued post\u2010introduction surveillance remains essential.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.72564","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T06:00:43Z","timestamp":1779775243000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Assessing the Impact of Rotavirus Vaccination in Iranian Children Under Five: An Agent\u2010Based Modelling Approach"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-5684-450X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amirhesam","family":"Moosazadeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccine Research Center Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5999-7173","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Babak","family":"Eshrati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccine Research Center Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran"},{"name":"Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Psychosocial Health Research Institute, Department of Community and Family Medicine, School of Medicine Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7969-9122","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ebrahim","family":"Babaee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Psychosocial Health Research Institute, Department of Community and Family Medicine, School of Medicine Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization Diarrhoeal diseaseMarch 2024 [cited 2025 Aug] https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/diarrhoeal-disease."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","unstructured":"UNICEF Data Diarrhoea. November 2024 [cited 2025 Aug] https:\/\/data.unicef.org\/topic\/child-health\/diarrhoeal-disease\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization Rotavirus infections [cited 2025 Aug] https:\/\/www.who.intwesternpacifichealth-topicsrotavirus-infections."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(24)00691-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-11-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","unstructured":"W Health Organization Rotavirus Vaccines: WHO position paper\u2013July 2021. Relev\u00e9 \u00e9pid\u00e9miologique hebdomadaire Section d'hygi\u00e8ne du Secr\u00e9tariat de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 des Nations = Weekly epidemiological record Health Section of the Secretariat of the League of Nations 2021;96(28):219\u2013301."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2017.83"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14760584.2020.1775079"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa081"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_1","unstructured":"Ministry of Health and Medical Education (Iran). Guidelines for the Use of Rotavirus Vaccine \u2013 For Healthcare Workers. 2024 https:\/\/icdc.behdasht.gov.ir\/baner\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2020.1804245"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Winter Simulation Conference","author":"Macal C. 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