{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T10:01:24Z","timestamp":1789984884780,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,7]],"date-time":"2026-06-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780790400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":6,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Health Science Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Accurate measurement of routine immunization coverage is essential for detecting immunity gaps, guiding programmatic responses, and supporting equitable vaccine delivery. Iran's Expanded Programme on Immunization has achieved high coverage, but administrative estimates can mask some disparities. The aim of this protocol is to evaluate coverage among children under 3 years old and mothers who have given birth within the last 12 months.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We will conduct a national, cross\u2010sectional, mixed\u2010methods survey on vaccination coverage across all 31 provinces of Iran. A multistage, stratified cluster design will target about 9200 children aged 0\u201335 months (1325 clusters) and 2109 mothers who delivered in the past 12 months (211 clusters), with oversampling of smaller strata and an allocated proportion for non\u2010Iranian residents. Vaccination status will be verified preferentially from home\u2010based records and electronic registries, supplemented by caregiver recall. Digital data capture and photographed records will be used alongside supervisory quality checks. Quantitative analyses will apply complex survey weighting to estimate coverage, dropout, timeliness, and missed opportunities. Also, thematic analysis of 30\u201340 in\u2010depth interviews will show determinants of vaccination.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This manuscript describes the protocol for a national mixed\u2010methods study. No empirical results are presented.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The findings from this mixed\u2010methods study will deliver high\u2010quality, disaggregated evidence on immunization coverage and its drivers in Iran, enabling policymakers and programme managers to design and implement targeted interventions to close equity gaps and support sustained uptake of both established and newly introduced vaccines.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.72566","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,7]],"date-time":"2026-06-07T13:05:41Z","timestamp":1780837541000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Protocol of National Mixed\u2010Methods Assessment of Childhood and Maternal Immunization"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8692-9720","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seyed Aria","family":"Nejadghaderi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"HIV\/STI Surveillance Research Center, and WHO Collaborating Center for HIV Surveillance, Institute for Futures Studies in Health Kerman University of Medical Sciences Kerman Iran"},{"name":"Knowledge Hub for Migrant and Refugee Health, Institute for Futures Studies in Health Kerman University of Medical Sciences Kerman Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5061-9448","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paria","family":"Dehesh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Institute for Futures Studies in Health Kerman University of Medical Sciences Kerman Iran"},{"name":"Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health Kerman University of Medical Sciences Kerman Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8441-6975","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mehran","family":"Nakhaeizadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Modeling in Health Research Center, Institute for Futures Studies in Health Kerman University of Medical Sciences Kerman Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammadreza","family":"Rajabalipour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Institute for Futures Studies in Health Kerman University of Medical Sciences Kerman Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Faeze","family":"Tahrudi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Institute for Futures Studies in Health Kerman University of Medical Sciences Kerman Iran"},{"name":"Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health Kerman University of Medical Sciences Kerman Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1505-0866","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naser","family":"Nasiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bio Environmental Health Hazards Research Center Jiroft University of Medical Sciences Jiroft Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seyed Mohsen","family":"Zahraei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Communicable Disease Control, Ministry of Health and Medical Education Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9008-7618","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hamid","family":"Sharifi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HIV\/STI Surveillance Research Center, and WHO Collaborating Center for HIV Surveillance, Institute for Futures Studies in Health Kerman University of Medical Sciences Kerman Iran"},{"name":"Institute for Global Health Sciences University of California San Francisco California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4628-4849","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"AliAkbar","family":"Haghdoost","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Institute for Futures Studies in Health Kerman University of Medical Sciences Kerman Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00850-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2016.06.053"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0047806"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.08.053819"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26719\/emhj.21.059"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-019-4188-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61869-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) \u201cImmunization Analysis and Insights \u201dhttps:\/\/www.who.int\/teams\/immunization-vaccines-and-biologicals\/immunization-analysis-and-insights\/global-monitoring\/immunization-coverage\/data-quality-self-assessment."},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","first-page":"65","article-title":"Delayed Vaccination and Related Predictors Among Infants","volume":"41","author":"Poorolajal J.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Iranian Journal of Public Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) \u201cWorld Health Organization Vaccination Coverage Cluster Surveys: Reference Manual \u201d published 2018 https:\/\/www.who.int\/teams\/immunization-vaccines-and-biologicals\/immunization-analysis-and-insights\/global-monitoring\/immunization-coverage\/survey-methods."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2008.02181.x"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","first-page":"2572","article-title":"Insights Into Health Program Implementation and Evaluation in Iran: A Brief Review of National Healthcare Programs in Iran","volume":"53","author":"Ehsani R.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Iranian Journal of Public Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/FS-05-2022-0050"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) \u201cBehavioural and Social Drivers of Vaccination: Tools and Practical Guidance for Achieving High Uptake \u201d published 2022 https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240049680."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jssam\/smac040"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7243a1"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvacx.2023.100396"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-025-24639-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(22)00066-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semerg.2021.10.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiab069"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","unstructured":"United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) \u201cIran Receives Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccines With UNICEF Support published 2024 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