{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T10:02:21Z","timestamp":1789984941750,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781568000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":15,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Health Science Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Vector\u2010borne diseases (VBDs) pose a significant public health threat in West Africa, contributing to substantial morbidity and mortality, particularly among vulnerable populations. This region is highly susceptible to the effects of climate change due to its geographical location, dependence on rain\u2010fed agriculture, and fragile ecosystems. This narrative review explores the complex interplay between climate change and the escalating burden of VBDs, including malaria, dengue, chikungunya, Zika, and Lassa fever, to inform a coordinated regional response.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Appropriate publications from 2010 to 2025 were identified from scientific databases (e.g., Google Scholar, PubMed) and reports from international bodies (WHO, Africa CDC, WAHO). The review included articles that presented empirical data, modeling studies, and policy analyzes contextual to West Africa. A total of 21 papers were selected for a detailed narrative synthesis to discuss climate drivers, challenges, and policy recommendations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Climate change, characterized by rising temperatures, altered precipitation, and increased extreme events, profoundly influences vector biology, distribution, and disease transmission dynamics. Optimal temperature ranges and recurrent flooding create ideal breeding grounds, exacerbating outbreaks. West Africa's challenges are compounded by socioeconomic factors like deforestation and rapid urbanization, which strain fragile healthcare systems. The VBD burden results in a severe economic toll on productivity and trade, disrupting social stability and hindering progress toward the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Key findings point to the urgent need for a holistic response.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Addressing this multifaceted challenge requires a coordinated regional effort focusing on strengthening cross\u2010border disease surveillance, establishing real\u2010time data\u2010sharing and early warning systems, and implementing Integrated Vector Management (IVM). This article emphasizes the urgent need for political commitment, sustained funding from regional and international partners, and collaborative efforts to build climate\u2010resilient health systems and effectively combat the growing threat of vector\u2010borne diseases in West Africa.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.72689","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T05:51:32Z","timestamp":1781675492000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Addressing Climate Driven Vector\u2010Borne Disease in West Africa"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1671-9584","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Majani","family":"Edward","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health St. Francis University College of Health and Allied Sciences Ifakara Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oladipupo Iyanu","family":"Roseline","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Promotion and Education University of Ibadan Ibadan Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Victor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health and Infectious Disease Control Institute Nasarawa State University Keffi Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oladeji Yinmi","family":"Gabriel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Obafemi Awolowo University Osun Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-024-01260-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","article-title":"Global Warming and Mosquito\u2010Borne Diseases in Africa: A Narrative Review","volume":"44","author":"Khezzani B.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pan Afr Med J [Internet]"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-022-12584-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00704-021-03807-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2024.110899"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v15010146"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2016.01262"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-046333"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-020-0692-7"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","first-page":"209","article-title":"World Inequality Report 2022 World Inequality Lab, 2021, p. 234","volume":"49","author":"LucasChancel T. P.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Population and Development Review"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-024-01193-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002234"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biology11111628"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","unstructured":"United Nations 2020 The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2020 https:\/\/unstats.un.org\/sdgs\/report\/2020\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization 2022 World Malaria Report 2023 https:\/\/www.afro.who.int\/countries\/nigeria\/publication\/report-malaria-nigeria-2022."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","unstructured":"Africa Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Africa's Plan to Tackle Endemic Diseases Head\u2010on 2024 https:\/\/africacdc.org\/news-item\/africas-plan-to-tackle-endemic-diseases-head-on\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","volume-title":"World Malaria Report 2023","author":"World Health Organization (WHO)","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","unstructured":"CDC. Emergence of Indigenous Dengue Fever Niger 2023 https:\/\/wwwnc.cdc.gov\/eid\/article\/30\/7\/24-0301_article."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization 2024 Vector\u2010borne Diseases https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/vector-borne-diseases."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization \u2013 African Region (WHO AFRO) 2023 Dengue Outbreak in the WHO African Region \u2013 Situation Report No. 01 (19 December 2023)."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Lassa Fever Fact Sheet 2024 https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/vhf\/lassa."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) Lassa Fever Introduction 2024 https:\/\/cdn.who.int\/media\/docs\/default-source\/documents\/emergencies\/health-topics---lassa-fever\/lassa-fever-introduction.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parepi.2025.e00435"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-017-0375-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/56931"}],"container-title":["Health Science Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/hsr2.72689","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/hsr2.72689","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/hsr2.72689","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T09:17:45Z","timestamp":1789982265000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/hsr2.72689"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/hsr2.72689"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hsr2.72689","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2398-8835","2398-8835"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2398-8835","type":"print"},{"value":"2398-8835","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-07-25","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-06-10","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-06-16","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e72689"}}