{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T10:03:19Z","timestamp":1789380199494,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":19,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004748","name":"Mashhad University of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004748","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Health Science Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Small for Gestational Age (SGA) infants face numerous challenges that may stem from a prooxidant\u2013antioxidant imbalance. This study aims to compare AGA and SGA infants regarding their PAB (Prooxidant\u2010Antioxidant Balance)\u00a0levels.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This cross\u2010sectional study was conducted on 898 neonates, including 798 (88.9%) appropriate for gestational age (AGA) infants and 100 (11.1%) small for gestational age (SGA) infants. The research utilized convenience sampling at Ghaem Hospital in Mashhad, spanning from 2019 to 2025. Data were collected using a questionnaire developed by the researchers, which consisted of three sections: neonatal information (including gestational age, first\u2010minute Apgar score, fifth\u2010minute Apgar score, and birth weight) and laboratory information (including umbilical cord pH and neonatal PAB levels). The SGA infants were classified as the case group, while the AGA infants served as the control group. The study compared PAB levels and neonatal outcomes\u2014including asphyxia, retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), and sepsis\u2014between the two groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The mean gestational age for the AGA group was 34.29\u2009\u00b1\u20094.31 weeks, while the mean gestational age for the SGA group was 34.75\u2009\u00b1\u20092.63 weeks. The 1\u2010min Apgar score showed significant differences, with a\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010value of 0.000, and the 5\u2010min Apgar score also differed significantly between the groups (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.001), being higher in the SGA group. Additionally, the birth weight was significantly lower in the SGA group (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.001). The mean neonatal PAB in the SGA group was 1.5 times greater than that of the AGA group (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.000). When comparing the two groups, the incidence of acute asphyxia (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.002), retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.028), intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.047), NEC (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.000), and PDA (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.049) showed statistically significant differences.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The current study's results show that PAB levels are higher in SGA infants compared to AGA infants. Additionally, instances of ROP, and\u00a0NEC were more prevalent in the SGA group.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.72723","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T07:00:26Z","timestamp":1784530826000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparison of AGA and SGA Infants Based on Prooxidant\u2010to\u2010Antioxidant Balance in Mashhad, Iran During 2019\u20132025: A Cross\u2010Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Maryam","family":"Zakerihamidi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Midwifery, To.C. Islamic Azad University  Tonekabon Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatemeh","family":"Bagheri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postdoctoral Researcher, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Mashhad University of Medical Sciences  Mashhad Iran"},{"name":"Department of Nursing and Midwifery, MMS.C. Islamic Azad University  Mashhad Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nooshin","family":"Nesaee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Mashhad University of Medical Sciences  Mashhad Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4022-5426","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hassan","family":"Boskabadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Mashhad University of Medical Sciences  Mashhad Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2021.655931"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2010.11.040"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.12.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000429658.85846.f9"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-87127-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1297\/cpe.28.97"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10715760902783285"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12958-018-0391-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/labmed\/lmad065"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200535391"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms221810122"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/5581570"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2019.03.034"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000074968"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-1344"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2478\/abm-2010-0009"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_18_1","volume-title":"Clinical Ophthalmology: A Systematic Approach","author":"Kanski J. 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