{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T10:03:52Z","timestamp":1789380232687,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783382400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":6,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Health Science Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There is uncertainty about the long term effects of COVID\u201019 infection. We describe the dominant reported symptoms and their sociodemographic risk factors in a sample of Jamaican patients with non\u2010communicable diseases (NCD) and laboratory determined infection status.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A retrospective cohort study (February 20, 2023\u2013September 12, 2023) of patients from the University Hospital of the West Indies (UHWI) were identified through participation in the Caribbean COVID\u201019 Metabolic Health Study (CCMHS) or ICU admissions between March 2020 and March 2021 with a positive PCR. COVID\u201019 infection status was based on anti\u2010nucleocapsid (anti\u2010N) antibodies in those without PCR reports. Participants were classified as \u201cExposed\u201d if they had positive anti\u2010N antibodies or a positive PCR test and \u201cUnexposed\u201d if they had negative anti\u2010N antibodies. Bivariate analyses compared current symptoms and quality of life of exposed and unexposed participants. Logistic regression explored factors associated with memory loss.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Eighty\u2010six persons (62 exposed and 24 unexposed; mean age 54.1\u2009\u00b1\u200913.4 years; median \u201ctime since first COVID\u201019 diagnosis\u201d 1.9 years) participated in the study. \u201cNot [feeling] quite right\u201d (59.3%), joint pains (46.5%), fatigue (45.4%), numbness\/tingling (43.0%), headache (26.7%), and shortness of breath (23.3%) were the most common symptoms that were similarly reported in persons regardless of infection status. Memory loss was more common among exposed participants (41.9% vs. 12.5%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.01) and among those with COVID\u201019 infection, self\u2010reported depression\/anxiety increased the odds of this symptom (OR 6.7 (1.7\u201325.7).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cardiopulmonary and musculoskeletal symptoms were common among NCD patients regardless of previous COVID\u201019 infection. However, memory loss was more common up to 2 years after initial COVID\u201019 infection. Prospective cohorts of long COVID in subpopulations are critical to elucidating its natural history.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.72761","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T04:51:28Z","timestamp":1783486288000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Persistent Neurological Symptoms in Chronic Disease Patients After COVID\u201019 Infection in Jamaica: A Retrospective Cohort Study Exploring Clinical Manifestations of Long COVID in a Low and Middle Income Country"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5968-1179","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacqueline P.","family":"Duncan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Health and Psychiatry The University of the West Indies Kingston Jamaica"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7031-7244","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Jackson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Health and Psychiatry The University of the West Indies Kingston Jamaica"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carol Jones","family":"Cooper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology Research and Training Unit Kingston Jamaica"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua J.","family":"Anzinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology The University of the West Indies Kingston Jamaica"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelvin","family":"Ehikhametalor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Radiology Anaesthesia and Intensive Care The University of the West Indies Kingston Jamaica"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keri\u2010Ann","family":"Facey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology Research Unit, Caribbean Institute for Health Research The University of the West Indies Kingston Jamaica"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gavin","family":"Cloherty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Research Abbott Laboratories Abbott Park Illinois USA"},{"name":"Abbott Pandemic Defense Coalition Abbott Park Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marshall K.","family":"Tulloch\u2010Reid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology Research Unit, Caribbean Institute for Health Research The University of the West Indies Kingston Jamaica"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","unstructured":"E.Mathieu H.Ritchie L.Rod\u00e9s\u2010Guirao et al. 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