{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T07:54:14Z","timestamp":1790927654340,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786579200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":12,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Health Science Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is associated with significant psychological distress, including anxiety and depression, which negatively impact quality of life. While these emotional burdens are well\u2010documented, little is known about how COPD influences positive psychological states, such as happiness. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate whether individuals with COPD experience lower levels of happiness compared to healthy peers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This cross\u2010sectional case\u2010control study included 82 participants (41 with clinically stable COPD and 41 healthy controls) matched for age, sex, social class, and economic status. Exclusion criteria included acute health complications, acute COPD exacerbations, or coexisting cardiovascular, neurological, musculoskeletal, or other respiratory diseases. Happiness was assessed using the Subjective Happiness Scale, Cantril Ladder Scale, and Satisfaction with Life Scale, with higher scores representing better happiness status. Statistical comparisons between groups were performed using\n                      <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010tests or Mann\u2013Whitney tests, as appropriate, with significance set at\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Individuals with COPD (23 males; age 69.0 \u00b1 10.3 years), predominantly with moderate to severe airflow limitation, exhibited significantly lower levels of happiness compared to age\u2010, sex\u2010, social class, and economically\u2010matched healthy controls. Median (IQR) scores were consistently lower in the COPD group across all measures: Subjective Happiness Scale, 4.5 (4.2\u20135.0) versus 6.3 (5.8\u20137.0); Cantril Ladder Scale, 6.0 (5.0\u20138.0) versus 8.0 (7.5\u20139.0); and Satisfaction with Life Scale, 23.0 (18.5\u201330.0) versus 31.0 (28.0\u201333.0), with all comparisons reaching statistical significance (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001) and demonstrating medium to large effect sizes.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Individuals with COPD experience significantly lower levels of happiness compared to healthy peers. These findings suggest that positive psychological states are impaired in this population, indicating that the impact of the disease extends beyond traditional measures of distress and may warrant further investigation in clinical practice.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.72764","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T05:06:59Z","timestamp":1786684019000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Individuals With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Experience Lower Levels of Happiness Than Their Healthy Peers: A Case\u2010Control Study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Layla","family":"Cristine de Toledo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences and Physical Functional Performance Federal University of Juiz de Fora Juiz de Fora Minas Gerais Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristino Carneiro","family":"Oliviera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences and Physical Functional Performance Federal University of Juiz de Fora Juiz de Fora Minas Gerais Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Integrated Education in Health Federal University of Esp\u00edrito Santo Vit\u00f3ria Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joice Gomide","family":"Nolasco de Assis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospital of Federal University of Juiz de Fora Juiz de Fora Minas Gerais Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00falia M\u00e1rcia","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences and Physical Functional Performance Federal University of Juiz de Fora Juiz de Fora Minas Gerais Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Larissa Guimar\u00e3es","family":"Paiva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences and Physical Functional Performance Federal University of Juiz de Fora Juiz de Fora Minas Gerais Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nara","family":"Batista de Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences and Physical Functional Performance Federal University of Juiz de Fora Juiz de Fora Minas Gerais Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carla","family":"Malaguti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences and Physical Functional Performance Federal University of Juiz de Fora Juiz de Fora Minas Gerais Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3611-0098","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anderson","family":"Jos\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences and Physical Functional Performance Federal University of Juiz de Fora Juiz de Fora Minas Gerais Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","unstructured":"\u201cGlobal Strategy for Prevention Diagnosis and Management of COPD: 2025 Report \u201d Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) accessed October 5 2025 https:\/\/goldcopd.org\/2025-gold-report\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2020.106089"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/COPD.S109700"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.09-0764"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0163-8343(00)00052-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","unstructured":"J. F.Helliwell R.Layard J. D.Sachs J. E.Neve L. B.Aknin andS.Wang \u201cWorld Happiness Report 2025 \u201d University of Oxford Wellbeing Research Centre accessed October 5 2025 https:\/\/worldhappiness.report\/ed\/2025\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.73.3.539"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17439760.2020.1818813"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","article-title":"Positive Psychology and Health Behavior Change in Lifestyle Medicine: A Narrative Review","volume":"20","author":"Matthews S. 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Changes in the Application of the Brazil Criteria 2021 \u201d Brazilian Association of Research Companies accessed October 5 2025 https:\/\/www.abep.org\/criterioBr\/01_cceb_2021."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00150314"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S1413-35552012005000122"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1006824100041"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","first-page":"157","article-title":"Cross Cultural Validation of the Lyubomirsky and Lepper Subjective Happiness Scal","volume":"13","author":"Pais\u2010Ribeiro J. 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