{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T10:02:58Z","timestamp":1789380178483,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783900800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":12,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Health Science Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cardiorenal anemia syndrome (CRAS) is a common complication in heart failure (HF), often leading to unfavorable outcomes. Despite clinical significance, the published data are scarce. This study assessed prevalence, clinical associations and outcomes of CRAS among patients with HF attending the Benjamin Mkapa Hospital in Dodoma.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A prospective observational cohort study was carried out at cardiology clinic between August 2023 and April 2024. Adult patients aged \u2265\u200918 years confirmed with chronic heart failure were recruited by convenience (non\u2010probability) sampling. Age, sex, cigarettes smoking, dyslipidemia, obesity, New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional classification, hypertension, diabetes mellitus and iron deficiency were included as predictor variables. The primary outcome was CRAS and termed as exposed. All\u2010cause mortality, HF rehospitalisation, chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression and progressive anemia were secondary outcomes. Data were summarized by descriptive and inferential methods. Logistic regression was used to establish the clinical associations whereas, Cox proportional hazards regression was used to establish association of CRAS and secondary outcomes. A two\u2010tailed\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010value\u2009\u2264\u20090.05 noted as statistical significance.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study involved 268 patients with a median age of 56.5 (IQR 18\u201392) years, 57.5% (154\/268) were females. Prevalence of CRAS was 41.8% (112\/268). Obesity (AOR 1.77; 95% CI, 1.02\u20133.06;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.042), iron deficiency (AOR 2.36; 95% CI, 1.36\u20134.13;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.002), NYHA category (class III\/IV) (AOR 4.11; 95% CI, 2.35\u20137.16;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.001) and diabetes mellitus (AOR 1.59; 95% CI, 1.03\u20132.70;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.047) were clinically associated with unfavorable outcomes of CRAS. All\u2010cause mortality was high in CRAS (HR 1.96; 95% CI, 1.30\u20133.01;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.001). Furthermore, CKD progression and progressive anemia were comparably similar to both cohorts (56.3%\n                      <jats:italic>vs.<\/jats:italic>\n                      48.1%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.116) and (53.6%\n                      <jats:italic>vs.<\/jats:italic>\n                      47.4%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.193), respectively.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study showed that CRAS is highly prevalent and is associated with increased risk for all\u2010cause mortality. Obesity, iron deficiency, advanced NYHA functional stages and diabetes mellitus warrant special attention. This study was a single\u2010centered therefore, we propose a large multicentre study for generalizability.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.72809","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T06:39:06Z","timestamp":1784011146000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Prevalence, Clinical Associations, and Outcomes of Cardiorenal Anemia Syndrome Among Patients With Heart Failure Attending a Tertiary Hospital in Dodoma, Tanzania: A Prospective Observational Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-5268-491X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gidion","family":"Edwin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine and Dentistry University of Dodoma Dodoma Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4071-6284","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Baraka","family":"Alphonce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine and Dentistry University of Dodoma Dodoma Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alfred","family":"Meremo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine and Dentistry University of Dodoma Dodoma Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Meda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine and Dentistry University of Dodoma Dodoma Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjhf\/hfq167"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0292764"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nefroe.2015.12.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ihj.2017.01.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.03150509"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","first-page":"2","article-title":"Failure is Not An Alternative: A Systematic Review of the Prognostic Factors of Cardiorenal Syndrome","volume":"118","author":"Sharma V.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Critical Care & Emergency Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kisu.2020.12.001"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","first-page":"829","article-title":"Risk Factors for Anemia in Patients With Chronic Renal Failure: A Systematic Review and Meta\u2010Analysis","volume":"30","author":"Shiferaw W. 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