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Because the exact disease pathogenesis remains unclear and current management options have limited efficacy, there is a critical need for more effective therapies to reduce morbidity and mortality. This narrative review aims to review the available\u00a0and diverse range of emerging treatment approaches for HAM\/TSP.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A comprehensive narrative review of the existing literature was conducted to assess current treatment methods, historical treatment efforts, and modern therapeutic interventions. The scope includes pharmacological, immunological, targeted, and non\u2010pharmacological strategies aimed at disease management.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Current disease\u2010modifying therapies primarily rely on immunomodulatory agents, such as corticosteroids and interferon\u2010alpha, to mitigate neuroinflammation and preserve motor function, whereas traditional antiretroviral therapies demonstrate limited clinical efficacy. Emerging targeted therapies, notably the monoclonal antibody mogamulizumab, show significant promise in reducing HTLV\u20101\u2010infected cells and sustaining a decrease in spinal cord inflammation. Furthermore, comprehensive care must integrate treatments targeting specific cellular signaling pathways alongside vital non\u2010pharmacological interventions, such as physical rehabilitation and psychological support.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The effective management of HAM\/TSP necessitates a holistic, multidisciplinary approach encompassing targeted pharmacotherapy, symptomatic management, and psychosocial support. While novel interventions and disease\u2010modifying therapies offer promising new directions, further high\u2010quality, randomized clinical trials are essential to establish standard regimens, optimize dosages, and ensure long\u2010term efficacy and safety.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.72863","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T14:05:11Z","timestamp":1785420311000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Targeted Interventions in HAM\/TSP: Emerging Therapies and Future Directions \u2013 A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Meygol Mirzaei","family":"Rezaei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Clinical Virology Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahdi 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