{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T07:54:17Z","timestamp":1790927657474,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785369600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785369600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003970","name":"Isfahan university of medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IR.MUI.RESEARCH.REC.1402.134"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IR.MUI.RESEARCH.REC.1402.134"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003970","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Health Science Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The COVID\u201019 pandemic has affected millions of individuals worldwide and resulted in substantial mortality. Data mining and machine learning techniques enable the analysis of comprehensive patient data, facilitating the identification of key patterns and determinants that support clinical and preventive decision\u2010making.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study evaluates the performance of three machine learning approaches\u2014Deep Learning, Gradient Boosted Decision Trees (GBDT), and Support Vector Machine (SVM)\u2014in identifying factors associated with COVID\u201019 severity. A comparative analysis based on ROC curves and quantitative performance metrics demonstrates that Deep Learning and GBDT outperform SVM.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>All models consistently identify hypertension as a major risk factor. However, differences emerge in other influential variables: GBDT ranks hypertension as the most significant factor, followed by stomach ulcers, whereas Deep Learning highlights vitamin intake as the primary determinant. The deep learning tree variant further supports the importance of vitamin consumption.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The superior predictive performance of Deep Learning and GBDT provides a reliable benchmark and yields novel insights, including the potential roles of stomach ulcers and vitamin intake in disease severity. These findings emphasize the value of employing multiple high\u2010performing models and robust validation strategies for accurate identification of clinical risk factors in COVID\u201019.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.72930","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T07:12:17Z","timestamp":1785395537000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Identifying the Most Important Influencing Factors Based on Demographic Information, Nutrition, Physical Activity, Leisure Time, and Underlying Diseases in the Severity of Disease in COVID\u201019 Patients Using Data Mining Techniques"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1776-1060","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noushin","family":"Mohammadifard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute Isfahan University of Medical Sciences Isfahan Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6828-2169","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nizal","family":"Sarafzadegan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute Isfahan University of Medical Sciences Isfahan Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4766-6267","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fahimeh","family":"Haghighatdoost","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute Isfahan University of Medical Sciences Isfahan Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jamshid","family":"Najafian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hypertension Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute Isfahan University of Medical Sciences Isfahan Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2451-0083","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad Hossein","family":"Rouhani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Nutrition and Food Security Research Center Isfahan University of Medical Sciences Isfahan Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1194-9687","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gholamreza","family":"Askari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Nutrition and Food Security Research Center Isfahan University of Medical Sciences Isfahan Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6091-4248","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad","family":"Sattari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Information Technology Research Center Isfahan University of Medical Sciences Isfahan Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_17_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12098-020-03263-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.2648"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijinfomgt.2020.102157"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.637642"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.22818"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.04.040"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_8_1","first-page":"743","volume-title":"Journal of Arak University of Medical Sciences (Rahavard Danesh)","author":"Palaiodimos 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