{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T07:53:50Z","timestamp":1790927630366,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,9]],"date-time":"2026-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786233600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":8,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Health Science Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Armed conflict in Sudan has severely disrupted traditional medical education, prompting a shift toward online learning as an alternative. While digital platforms enable educational continuity, they are associated with increased screen exposure and a rising incidence of digital eye strain (DES) among medical students. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence, symptoms, and associated factors of DES in this conflict\u2010driven educational environment. To assess the prevalence, risk factors, and awareness of DES symptoms among Sudanese medical students engaged in online learning during the armed conflict.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A descriptive cross\u2010sectional study was conducted from April to June 2025 among undergraduate Sudanese medical students who transitioned to online learning during the conflict. A total of 1028 participants were recruited using convenience sampling. Data were collected using an online self\u2010administered questionnaire adapted from a validated instrument used in a previously published study. Responses were analyzed using SPSS version 27. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize findings, binomial logistic regression was performed to identify predictors of DES symptoms, and the Wilcoxon signed\u2010rank test assessed changes in screen time before and during the conflict.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>About 80.6% of students reported that prolonged screen use negatively impacted their eye health and lifestyle. Eye\u2010related symptoms were reported by 86.6% of participants, and 61.5% experienced physical discomfort. The average screen time increased significantly during the conflict. Awareness of the 20\u201020\u201020 rule was limited (24.2%), with only 13.5% reporting regular practice. However, 70.9% were willing to reduce screen time to help prevent DES.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Digital eye strain was highly prevalent among medical students and was associated with extended screen use, poor posture, and limited awareness. Its association with physical discomfort and academic stress highlights the need for targeted interventions. Medical institutions should integrate DES awareness and prevention strategies into curricula to promote student well\u2010being and academic success.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.73029","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T04:13:57Z","timestamp":1786335237000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Prevalence of Digital Eye Strain Symptoms Among Sudanese Medical Students During Conflict\u2010Induced Online Learning: A Cross\u2010Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-1101-4698","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Moram Elfadel Abdelrhaman","family":"Gasmalha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences University of Omdurman Islamic Omdurman Sudan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Israa Alamin Mohammed","family":"Hussein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy University of Gadarif Gadarif Sudan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-0084-0861","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olla Zuhair Elamin","family":"Abdalla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences University of Omdurman Islamic Omdurman Sudan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Blsam Abdelmoneam Ahmed","family":"Mohammed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences University of Omdurman Islamic Omdurman Sudan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Safinat Hassan Mohammed","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences University of Omdurman Islamic Omdurman Sudan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Azza Zuhair Elamin","family":"Abdalla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Surgery Sudan International University Khartoum Sudan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-4044-031X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sajda Ibrahim Abood","family":"Almatri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences Red Sea University Port Sudan Sudan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asia Moawia Mirgani","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine University of Gezira Wad Medani Sudan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdelmoula Hashim Abdelmagid","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry University of Gezira Wad Medani Sudan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yousif Abdelrahman Yousif","family":"Fadlelmoula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine Alzaiem Alazhari University Khartoum Sudan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed Salah Abdulrazeg","family":"Abdulrahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine Alzaiem Alazhari University Khartoum Sudan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-2824-4642","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sohaib Mohammed Mokhtar","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences University of Gadarif Gadarif Sudan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.57125\/ELIJ.2023.06.25.04"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10872981.2019.1666538"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-025-07457-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_5_1","unstructured":"R. D.Balaji F.Al_Mahri andR.Malathi \u201cA Perspective Study on Content Mangment in E_Learing and M_Learning [Internet] \u201d arXiv.org.2016 https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1605.02093."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s41239-022-00342-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_7_1","unstructured":"\u201cAbout the American Optometric Association (AOA) [Internet] \u201d published 2019 https:\/\/www.aoa.org\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_8_1","unstructured":"American Academy of Ophthalmology \u201cProtecting Sight. Empowering Lives \u201d American Academy of Ophthalmology accessed July 8 2026 http:\/\/www.aao.org."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/DYPJ.DYPJ_67_22"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/kjo.kjo_168_20"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_14_11_1","first-page":"991","article-title":"Study of Digital Eye Strain Due to Extended Digital Device Use Among Undergraduate Medical Students During the COVID\u201019 Pandemic: A Cross\u2010Sectional Study","volume":"9","author":"Chawla U.","year":"2021","journal-title":"International Journal of All Research Education and Scientific Methods"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09286586.2020.1862243"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/2789376"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.33314\/jnhrc.v20i3.4275"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5281\/zenodo.17857798"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/IJO.IJO_492_23"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/josh.13170"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.11.05020"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26719\/2025.31.4.288"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S406032"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/RMHP.S388331"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTO.S412382"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.13075\/ijomeh.1896.01822"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1618\/JHES.7.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/0102506882361765250221072850"}],"container-title":["Health Science Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/hsr2.73029","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/hsr2.73029","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/hsr2.73029","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T07:08:59Z","timestamp":1790924939000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/hsr2.73029"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/hsr2.73029"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hsr2.73029","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2398-8835","2398-8835"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2398-8835","type":"print"},{"value":"2398-8835","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-12-16","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-04","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-09","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e73029"}}