{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T07:54:03Z","timestamp":1790927643554,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786492800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":11,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Health Science Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Artificial intelligence (AI) is actively transforming health professions education by introducing innovative methodologies for learning, simulation, and clinical decision support. The recent emergence of autonomous AI agents\u2014equipped with advanced capabilities like memory, planning, and tool integration\u2014creates unprecedented opportunities for medical training. However, this growing technological autonomy simultaneously introduces critical challenges regarding clinical judgment, professional accountability, and educational equity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This perspective employs a rigorous critical analysis grounded in health professions education, medical philosophy, and AI ethics literature. It systematically evaluates the pedagogical potentials alongside the epistemological risks associated with deploying autonomous AI agents within clinical training environments.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>While AI agents can effectively drive adaptive learning, scalable simulations, and individualized feedback, unmonitored or inappropriate integration risks undermining core clinical reasoning. Over\u2010reliance on algorithmic suggestions can diminish a learner's independent analytical capabilities and propagate inherent data set biases. Conversely, dismissing these technologies risks depriving learners of vital digital competencies. Consequently, the ultimate educational utility of AI agents is fundamentally dictated by deliberate instructional design and robust governance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Rather than serving as replacements for human expertise, AI agents must be harnessed through a human\u2010centered framework that safeguards clinical reasoning, ethical reflection, and professional accountability. By deploying targeted strategies\u2014such as foundational AI literacy, localized data governance, controlled simulation failures, and modernized evaluations like AI\u2010assisted OSCEs\u2014educational institutions can ensure these technologies reinforce human\u2010driven medical practice.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.73042","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T06:03:33Z","timestamp":1786601013000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["AI Agents and the Future of Clinical Judgment in Medical Education: Opportunities, Challenges, and the Need for Human\u2010Centered Integration"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0551-6068","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Soleiman","family":"Ahmady","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Education, School of Medical Education and Learning Technologies Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran"},{"name":"Research affilited faculty, Department of LIME Karolinska Institutet Stochholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8163-742X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noushin","family":"Kohan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Education and E\u2010learning in Medical Education Smart University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5492-7598","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alireza","family":"Monajemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of History and Philosophy of Science Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/76661"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","first-page":"45","article-title":"From Clinical Judgment to Machine Learning: Psychotherapeutic Decision\u2010Making With Artificial Intelligence","volume":"60","author":"Onah C.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Psychotherapy Bulletin"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11019-024-10198-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/s41599-024-03611-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.118928"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-025-10149-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11019-026-10346-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10872981.2025.2542807"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24191\/ajue.v20i3.27862"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40670-025-02438-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecns.2025.101858"}],"container-title":["Health Science Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/hsr2.73042","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/hsr2.73042","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/hsr2.73042","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T07:13:02Z","timestamp":1790925182000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/hsr2.73042"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"references-count":11,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/hsr2.73042"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hsr2.73042","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2398-8835","2398-8835"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2398-8835","type":"print"},{"value":"2398-8835","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-08-05","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-06","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-12","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e73042"}}