{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T07:54:04Z","timestamp":1790927644933,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787097600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":18,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["442349\/2023\u20108"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["442349\/2023\u20108"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RYC2020\u2010028818\u2010I"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RYC2020\u2010028818\u2010I"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Health Science Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ultra\u2010processed foods (UPFs) are widely consumed and have been linked to obesity. It is unclear whether different UPF dietary patterns vary in their associations with adiposity. This study aimed to identify UPF dietary patterns and examine their associations with adiposity in a nationally representative sample of United States adults.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In 4003 adults from NHANES 2021\u20132023, UPF dietary patterns were derived using k\u2010means clustering, and associations of total UPF intake and dietary patterns with BMI and waist circumference were assessed using adjusted survey\u2010weighted linear regression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Each 5% increase in energy intake from UPFs was associated with a 0.25\u2009kg\/m\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      higher BMI (95% CI: 0.16\u20130.34) and a 0.60\u2009cm greater waist circumference (95% CI: 0.39\u20130.81). Three UPF dietary patterns were identified: \u201cFast Food,\u201d \u201cTreats and Diet Soda,\u201d and \u201cLower UPF.\u201d Compared with the \u201cLower UPF\u201d pattern, both \u201cFast Food\u201d (BMI\u2009+\u20093.20\u2009kg\/m\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      ; waist circumference +7.76\u2009cm) and \u201cTreats and Diet Soda\u201d (BMI\u2009+\u20092.83\u2009kg\/m\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      ; waist circumference +6.78\u2009cm) patterns were associated with higher adiposity. No significant differences were observed between the two high\u2010UPF patterns.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Higher UPF consumption was associated with greater adiposity across UPF dietary patterns. These findings from cross\u2010sectional data suggest that overall UPF intake may be an important marker of adiposity, but longitudinal studies are needed to assess temporality and causality.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.73062","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T09:59:38Z","timestamp":1787133578000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Ultra\u2010Processed Food Dietary Patterns and Obesity: A Cross\u2010Sectional Analysis of NHANES 2021\u20132023"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-9736-0894","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nadia","family":"Daniel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Sciences Division University of Oxford Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmen","family":"Piernas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada Granada Spain"},{"name":"Center for Biomedical Research, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology University of Granada Granada Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA Granada Spain"},{"name":"CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Sherliker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Population Health University of Oxford Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolina Abreu de","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica Universidade Federal do Maranh\u00e3o S\u00e3o Lu\u00eds Brazil"},{"name":"Postgraduate program in Public Health Federal University of Maranh\u00e3o S\u00e3o Lu\u00eds Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Carter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Population Health University of Oxford Oxford UK"},{"name":"Health Data Research UK (HDRUK\u2010Oxford) University of Oxford Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980017000234"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.13126"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-025-01143-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003256"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114518001046"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17269\/s41997-020-00429-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-020-02367-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.1006018"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-025-03842-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2019.05.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.15922"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanepe.2024.101043"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc22-1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665112000729"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/an.115.011718"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_17_1","article-title":"National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey","author":"CDC","year":"2025","journal-title":"National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey"},{"issue":"66","key":"e_1_2_13_18_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Plan and Operations of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, August 2021\u2010August 2023","author":"Terry A. L.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vital Health Statistics Series 1 Programs Collection Procedings"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2022.09.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_20_1","volume-title":"Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-020574"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980025000606"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14111366"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2022.102843"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqac049"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2017.90"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c6fo00107f"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10030365"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980012004491"}],"container-title":["Health Science Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/hsr2.73062","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/hsr2.73062","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/hsr2.73062","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T07:12:16Z","timestamp":1790925136000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/hsr2.73062"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/hsr2.73062"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hsr2.73062","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2398-8835","2398-8835"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2398-8835","type":"print"},{"value":"2398-8835","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-01-31","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-11","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-19","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e73062"}}