{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T07:56:02Z","timestamp":1791186962564,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787702400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787702400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Health Science Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Azoospermia, defined as the complete absence of sperm in the ejaculate, is a major cause of male infertility and is classified into obstructive and non\u2010obstructive forms. While obstructive azoospermia is primarily mechanical in origin, non\u2010obstructive azoospermia (NOA) is characterized by impaired spermatogenesis and is frequently associated with oxidative stress, inflammation, and hormonal dysregulation.\n                      <jats:italic>Crocus sativus L<\/jats:italic>\n                      . and its bioactive constituents exhibit antioxidant and anti\u2010inflammatory properties that may target underlying pathophysiological mechanisms involved in NOA. This review discusses the potential adjunctive role of\n                      <jats:italic>Crocus sativus L<\/jats:italic>\n                      . in the context of NOA, with emphasis on oxidative stress\u2013related pathways.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This paper is a narrative review identified through relevant literature of electronic databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Peer\u2010reviewed experimental studies written in English that examined the antioxidant and anti\u2010inflammatory effects of\n                      <jats:italic>Crocus sativus L<\/jats:italic>\n                      . and its bioactive compounds on male reproductive health.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Available studies suggest that\n                      <jats:italic>Crocus sativus L<\/jats:italic>\n                      . bioactives may help attenuate oxidative stress, modulate inflammatory mediators, and support testicular structure and spermatogenesis in experimental models of chemical, radiation, and metabolic injury. Evidence indicates improvements in antioxidant enzyme activity, reductions in lipid peroxidation, and potential preservation of hormonal balance. However, clinical data are limited, and variability in dosage, extract composition, and study design precludes definitive conclusions about reproductive outcomes.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Crocus sativus L<\/jats:italic>\n                      . and its bioactive compounds could have supportive effects in contexts of testicular oxidative and inflammatory stress, but their clinical relevance in NOA remains uncertain. Further well\u2010controlled human studies are needed to clarify their potential therapeutic role.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.73129","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T11:38:34Z","timestamp":1787744314000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Therapeutic Effects of\n                    <i>Crocus sativus L<\/i>\n                    . and Its Constituents on the Improving Treatment of Azoospermia: A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Faraz","family":"Khakshour","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Paramedical and Rehabilitation Sciences University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melika Hadad","family":"Tehran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology Research Center Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jamal Jalili","family":"Shahri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vascular and Endovascular Research Center Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farid","family":"Zeynali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0382-0883","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fahimeh Lavi","family":"Arab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology Research Center Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran"},{"name":"Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_17_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)38662-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.6061\/clinics\/2013(Sup01)03"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2020.11.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/aja2024104"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/pharmrev.124.001085"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmx008"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo15040267"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18502\/ijrm.v19i6.9379"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/and.13509"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5530\/phrev.20252270"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2024.1419120"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28165976"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.5622"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12522-016-0234-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2025.1520835"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.12721"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5534\/wjmh.2014.32.1.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms221810043"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.17366"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.55730\/1300-0144.5631"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24108819"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41585-023-00837-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1202305"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5534\/wjmh.240132"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(03)00365-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10030387"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5812\/numonthly.59939"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114522003397"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharma.2024.02.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27072076"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/MOLECULES26010086"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_33_1","first-page":"376","article-title":"The Effects of Crocus sativus (Saffron) and Its Constituents on Nervous System","volume":"5","author":"Khazdair M. 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