{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T07:55:32Z","timestamp":1791186932239,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,30]],"date-time":"2026-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788048000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,30]],"date-time":"2026-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788048000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Health Science Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) in patients with liver cirrhosis and ascites is a common and serious problem which is associated with high morbidity and mortality. The present study aimed to determine the diagnostic performance of the leucocyte esterase reagent strip (LERS) for the diagnosis of SBP, and we also assessed the prevalence of SBP.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This was a diagnostic accuracy study which was conducted at referral hospitals in Dodoma region, Tanzania, among patients with liver cirrhosis and ascites who were aged \u2265\u200918 years. Diagnostic performance of LERS was assessed by calculating the diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) at three colorimetric scales (1+, 2+, and 3+) which were analyzed as separate categories. Ascitic fluid PMN count \u2265\u2009250 cells\/mm\n                      <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                      was used as the reference standard, which is a pre\u2010specified diagnostic threshold.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The present study included a total of 269 study subjects with a mean age of 46.2\u2009\u00b1\u200910.3 years, and the majority of the patients (61.3%,\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009165) were males. The prevalence of SBP based on the gold standard test was (19.0%,\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200951). The diagnostic performance values including, accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV of LERS using CYBOWTM series urine reagent strips were considered at colorimetric scale of 2+ as comparable to the reference standard. Under this comparable point (colorimetric scale 2+), the sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV were 80.4% (95% CI\u2009=\u200967.6\u201389.8), 99.1% (95% CI\u2009=\u200995.7\u201399.9), 95.3% (95% CI\u2009=\u200984.2\u201399.4), and 95.6% (95% CI\u2009=\u200991.9\u201397.9), respectively. The diagnostic accuracy of LERS at a colorimetric scale of 2+ in this study was 96.3% (95% CI\u2009=\u200992.3\u201397.6).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study has shown a significant proportion of SBP among the patients who were diagnosed with liver cirrhosis and had ascites. The level of diagnostic accuracy shown by LERS for SBP indicates that LERS may be used as a possible adjunctive screening tool rather than a definitive substitute for standard diagnostic assessment, especially in remote areas of resource\u2010limited settings where diagnostic tests like culture are still challenging.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.73140","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T06:44:17Z","timestamp":1788158657000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Diagnostic Accuracy of Leucocyte Esterase Reagent Strips for Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis in Cirrhosis With Ascites"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Salum Ali","family":"Mwinyi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Benjamin Mkapa Hospital Dodoma Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4640-5559","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emmanuel Marcel","family":"Sindato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine and Dentistry University of Dodoma Dodoma Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Muhimbura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology Mubende Regional Referral Hospital Mubende Uganda"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine FINS Medical University Fort Portal Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-8729-7338","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerald Jacob","family":"Kawishe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology University of Dar\u2010es\u2010salaam Dar\u2010es\u2010salaam Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3647-5262","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James Joseph","family":"Yahaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, School of Health Sciences Soroti University Soroti Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2010.06.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60121-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(24)00078-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aohep.2019.09.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11938-019-00229-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","first-page":"48","article-title":"Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis (SBP) in Cirrhotic Ascites: A Prospective Study in a Tertiary Care Hospital, Nepal","volume":"5","author":"Syed V. 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