{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T04:39:47Z","timestamp":1792384787862,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792108800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":15,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Health Science Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) remains the global epicenter of Ebola virus disease (EVD), having experienced more than 15 outbreaks since the disease was first identified in 1976. The 2025 resurgence in Kasai Province, caused by\n                      <jats:italic>Orthoebolavirus zairense<\/jats:italic>\n                      , resulted in over 60 confirmed cases and a case fatality rate exceeding 65%, highlighting persistent vulnerabilities in outbreak preparedness and response despite previous control successes. This article examines the drivers, response strategies, and public health implications of the 2025 Ebola outbreak.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This perspective synthesizes evidence from publicly available reports, epidemiological updates, genomic surveillance findings, and guidance from national and international public health agencies to examine the epidemiological characteristics, health system challenges, response interventions, and lessons learned from the 2025 Ebola outbreak in the DRC.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Genomic evidence suggested viral persistence in human reservoirs as a likely source of the outbreak. Delayed diagnosis due to limited laboratory capacity, reagent shortages, and slow sample transportation impeded timely case confirmation. Sociocultural factors, including unsafe burial practices, vaccine hesitancy, and community mistrust, further complicated containment efforts. The outbreak overwhelmed fragile health systems, with inadequate isolation facilities and personal protective equipment contributing to healthcare worker infections, which accounted for 10% of reported cases. Coordinated national and international interventions, including emergency response activation, ring vaccination with the rVSV\u0394G\u2010ZEBOV\u2010GP (Ervebo) vaccine, enhanced surveillance, contact tracing, infection prevention and control measures, and technical support from global partners, were instrumental in interrupting transmission.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The 2025 Ebola outbreak demonstrates the continued threat of recurrent EVD in the DRC and underscores the need for resilient surveillance systems, decentralized laboratory capacity, sustained infection prevention and control measures, healthcare worker protection, meaningful community engagement, and strengthened regional collaboration. Integrating genomic surveillance and advancing vaccine research will be critical for improving epidemic preparedness and strengthening health security across Central Africa.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.73180","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T08:16:19Z","timestamp":1792138579000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Resurgence of Ebola in the Democratic Republic of Congo: Lessons Learned and Future Directions"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1671-9584","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Majani","family":"Edward","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health St. Francis University College of Health and Allied Sciences Morogoro Tanzania"},{"name":"Youth Health Action Network Dar es Salaam Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yacinter","family":"Ndagabwene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Youth Health Action Network Dar es Salaam Tanzania"},{"name":"Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences Mwanza Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martha Ernest","family":"Rajabu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health St. Francis University College of Health and Allied Sciences Morogoro Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-4323-3523","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ally Hamisi","family":"Ally","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Dodoma Dodoma Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hawa","family":"mustapha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health St. Francis University College of Health and Allied Sciences Morogoro Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-9903-091X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel Boniphace","family":"John","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health St. Francis University College of Health and Allied Sciences Morogoro Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fransisca","family":"Kisigo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences Mwanza Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","unstructured":"V.Etuk Assessing Ebola Virus Disease Surveillance and Prevention in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (PhD diss. University of California Los Angeles 2024) ProQuest accessed July 8 2026 https:\/\/search.proquest.com\/openview\/3229bf21115791c1113cfca7d4ac3a83\/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amsu.2022.104616"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12020248"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infpip.2020.100038"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10091446"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pandemics1010003"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","unstructured":"S.Adikini Effective Disease Outbreak Response in Resource\u2010Limited Settings (master's thesis Fordham University 2025) ProQuest accessed July 8 2026 https:\/\/search.proquest.com\/openview\/11d7a7233184edd3fee61d25d060a506\/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","unstructured":"S.Adikini Effective Disease Outbreak Response in Resource\u2010Limited Settings (master's thesis Fordham University 2025) ProQuest accessed July 8 2026 https:\/\/search.proquest.com\/openview\/11d7a7233184edd3fee61d25d060a506\/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","volume-title":"Monthly Bulletin, November 2025","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2026"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v18010028"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v18010050"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","unstructured":"A. L.Barrall ReKAP of the COVID\u201019 Pandemic: Knowledge Attitudes and Practices Among Healthcare Workers With Varying Ebola History in the Democratic Republic of the Congo August 2020 to August 2021 (PhD diss. University of California Los Angeles 2023) ProQuest accessed July 8 2026 https:\/\/search.proquest.com\/openview\/caf5f104a5ca17e2a4bebe6e0c4cdf92\/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adq8336"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pandemics1010003"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","unstructured":"M.Keita Investigating Innovative Approaches and Strategies for Effective Ebola Epidemic Control: Case Studies From Guinea and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (2026) accessed July 8 2026 https:\/\/access.archive-ouverte.unige.ch\/access\/metadata\/e5f1d94f-624d-483c-9e4f-6c7c7137d1c7\/download."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-032-01446-7_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192013113"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0276790"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119275"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-022-08859-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines12070741"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","volume-title":"Improving the CDC Quarantine Station Network's Response to Emerging Threats","author":"National Academies of Sciences, Medicine","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","unstructured":"A.Kalita Political Economy of Primary Health Care: A Comparison of Health System Reforms (PhD diss. Harvard University 2025) ProQuest accessed July 8 2026 https:\/\/search.proquest.com\/openview\/4ab80e3a440c6a428b54395368bffdd7\/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.101835"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.63084\/cognexus.v1i02.90"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lansea.2024.100496"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2026.1755092"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.53388\/HPM2025004"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_30_1","unstructured":"A.Bailey Empowering Faith\u2010Based Support: Resource Development for Domestic Violence Survivors in Church Organizations (PhD diss. Regent University 2024) ProQuest accessed July 8 2026 https:\/\/search.proquest.com\/openview\/31e660667853ebf189ca3bdbc33fc4d8\/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-032-07577-2_7"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R.Ferdouse \u201cHealth Policy Responses to Pandemic Preparedness and Resilience \u201d SSRN 2026 accessed July 8 2026 https:\/\/papers.ssrn.com\/sol3\/papers.cfm?abstract_id=6137070.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.6137070"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18332\/popmed\/183661"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-022-08859-6"}],"container-title":["Health Science Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/hsr2.73180","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/hsr2.73180","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/hsr2.73180","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T03:50:15Z","timestamp":1792381815000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/hsr2.73180"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/hsr2.73180"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hsr2.73180","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2398-8835","2398-8835"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2398-8835","type":"print"},{"value":"2398-8835","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-12-21","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-26","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-10-16","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e73180"}}