{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T07:56:17Z","timestamp":1791186977370,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,13]],"date-time":"2026-09-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789257600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":12,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Health Science Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Breast cancer (BCa) is a major cause of cancer morbidity and mortality among women in Nigeria, with late presentation contributing to poor outcomes. This study assessed knowledge, attitudes, and willingness to perform breast self\u2010examination (BSE) among adult females in Nigeria and examined associated factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a descriptive cross\u2010sectional online survey between February 16 and April 30, 2024. A structured, pretested questionnaire was disseminated through digital platforms, yielding 711 consenting adult female respondents from all six geopolitical zones. Knowledge, attitude, and willingness\u2010to\u2010perform\u2010BSE measures were analyzed using descriptive statistics, linear regression, and binary logistic regression. Associations were assessed using two\u2010sided tests with \u03b1\u2009=\u20090.05. Because recruitment was online and non\u2010probability based, the sample should not be interpreted as nationally representative.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of 711 respondents, 692 (97.3%) knew what BCa was, whereas 259 (36.4%) were aware of early screening modalities, and 321 (45.1%) reported knowledge of the BSE procedure. Positive attitudes toward screening were common: 704 (98.9%) considered screening useful for early detection, and 691 (97.3%) believed early screening improves survival. Although 696 (97.9%) reported willingness to perform BSE after instruction, this represented intention rather than verified regular or technically correct practice. Higher educational attainment was associated with greater willingness to perform BSE, but estimates were imprecise because the basic\u2010education reference group was very small. Reliance on social media, radio\/television, and campaigns was associated with lower knowledge scores, although these observational associations do not establish causality, and participants could report multiple information sources.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among this digitally connected and relatively highly educated sample of adult Nigerian females, general awareness and attitudes toward BCa screening were favorable, but detailed knowledge of risk factors, screening modalities, and BSE procedures remained limited. Public health interventions should move beyond awareness creation to provide accurate, skill\u2010based education through trusted channels. The findings should not be generalized to all Nigerian women, particularly those who are rural, less educated, older, or have limited digital access.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.73231","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T05:36:26Z","timestamp":1789364186000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Bridging the Knowledge\u2013Practice Gap in Breast Cancer Awareness: A Nationwide Online Cross\u2010Sectional KAP Study Among Adult Females in Nigeria"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7770-7037","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Madinat","family":"Hassan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Foresight Institute of Research and Translation (FIRAT) Kigali Rwanda"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, CMHS University of Rwanda Kigali Rwanda"},{"name":"Biology Unit, Faculty of Science Air Force Institute of Technology (AFIT) Kaduna Kaduna State Nigeria"},{"name":"Khayr Cancer Health Initiative (KCHI) Kaduna Kaduna State Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taofeek Tope","family":"Adegboyega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology Unit, Faculty of Science Air Force Institute of Technology (AFIT) Kaduna Kaduna State Nigeria"},{"name":"Khayr Cancer Health Initiative (KCHI) Kaduna Kaduna State Nigeria"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, CMHS University of Rwanda Kigali Rwanda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7807-5641","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bilkisu Usman","family":"Farouk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Khayr Cancer Health Initiative (KCHI) Kaduna Kaduna State Nigeria"},{"name":"Department of Radiology Barau Dikko Teaching Hospital (BDTH) Kaduna Kaduna State Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7685-2021","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sunday Zeal","family":"Bala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Khayr Cancer Health Initiative (KCHI) Kaduna Kaduna State Nigeria"},{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Maryland Eastern Shore Princess Anne Maryland USA"},{"name":"NorthCare Hospital (NCH) Kaduna Kaduna State Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachael Olufunmilayo","family":"Oduyemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Khayr Cancer Health Initiative (KCHI) Kaduna Kaduna State Nigeria"},{"name":"Faculty of Nursing Chrisland University Abeokuta Ogun State Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazeem","family":"Owolabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Khayr Cancer Health Initiative (KCHI) Kaduna Kaduna State Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-9639-0150","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Munir","family":"Sani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Khayr Cancer Health Initiative (KCHI) Kaduna Kaduna State Nigeria"},{"name":"Department of Radiology Ahmadu Bello University (ABU) Zaria Kaduna State Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2938-7857","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miracle Uwa","family":"Livinus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, School of Sciences and Information Technology Skyline University Kano Kano State Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannatu Usman","family":"Ayuba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Khayr Cancer Health Initiative (KCHI) Kaduna Kaduna State Nigeria"},{"name":"Department of Radiation and Clinical Oncology National Hospital Abuja Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sadiq","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Khayr Cancer Health Initiative (KCHI) Kaduna Kaduna State Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ifeyinwa Maureen","family":"Okeke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Khayr Cancer Health Initiative (KCHI) Kaduna Kaduna State Nigeria"},{"name":"Department of Community Medicine Alex Ekwueme Federal University Abakaliki Ebonyi State Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6074-0217","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abednego","family":"Shekari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Old Dominion University Norfolk Virginia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Murtala","family":"Jibril","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"African Centre for Disease Control (ACDC) Abuja Nigeria"},{"name":"Enabel Addis Ababa Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_15_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-025-03502-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canep.2012.04.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/ejhs.v27i2.9"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0171024"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3332\/ecancer.2023.1615"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_7_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization \u201cBreast Cancer \u201d June 12 2023 accessed July 21 2023 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Some Observations From Medical Anthropology Research on Malaria in Pregnancy in Malawi","volume":"11","author":"Launiala A.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anthropology Matters"}],"container-title":["Health Science Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/hsr2.73231","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/hsr2.73231","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/hsr2.73231","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T07:43:22Z","timestamp":1791186202000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/hsr2.73231"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/hsr2.73231"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hsr2.73231","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2398-8835","2398-8835"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2398-8835","type":"print"},{"value":"2398-8835","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-12-30","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-04","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-13","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e73231"}}