{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T07:55:33Z","timestamp":1791186933000,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":110,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,13]],"date-time":"2026-09-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789257600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":12,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Health Science Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate the incidence of injuries in alpine skiing and snowboarding, while identifying common injury locations and types.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A systematic review and meta\u2010analysis were conducted by searching PubMed, Web of Science, CINAHL and Scopus in March 2025 (Prospero database CRD420251010125). Studies reporting injury incidence in alpine sports were included. Pooled injury incidence rates were calculated using a random\u2010effects model, with analyzes stratified by participation level, sport, anatomical location, and injury type.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 82 studies were included. Ten studies at the professional level reported 2165 injuries over 21,806,100 runs, corresponding to an overall injury incidence of 0.01 per 1000 runs (95% CI: 0.00\u20130.03). Professional alpine skiing had an incidence of 0.02 per 1000 runs (95% CI: 0.01\u20130.06) whereas professional snowboarding showed injury rate of 3.8 per 1000 runs (95% CI: 1.2\u201312.2). At the amateur level, 43 studies documented a total of 424,517 injuries over 408,624,850 skier\u2010days. This corresponds to a pooled injury incidence of 1.9 injuries per 1000 skier\u2010days (95% CI: 1.3\u20132.7). Amateur alpine skiing had an injury incidence of 3.8 per 1000 skier\u2010days (95% CI: 2.3\u20136.1), whereas amateur snowboarding had 1.4 per 1000 skier\u2010days (95% CI: 0.1\u201327.0). Limb injuries were the most common in both groups, while trunk injuries were additionally frequent among professionals. Among amateurs, fractures and sprains were the most frequently reported injury types, and falls were the leading mechanism of injury. However, substantial between\u2010study heterogeneity (I\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009&gt;\u200999% for most analyzes) should be considered when interpreting the pooled estimates.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Professional snowboarders experienced higher injury incidence than alpine skiers, whereas the opposite trend was observed among amateurs. Limb injuries were the most common in both groups, while trunk injuries were more frequent among professionals.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.73252","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T05:57:06Z","timestamp":1789365426000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Epidemiology of Alpine Skiing and Snowboarding Injuries: A Systematic Review and Meta\u2010Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9328-4721","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juho","family":"Laaksonen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine University of Tampere Tampere Finland"},{"name":"Department of Surgery Central Finland Central Hospital Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4 Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1294-6173","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matias","family":"Vaajala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine University of Tampere Tampere Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2514-3193","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rasmus","family":"Liukkonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine University of Tampere Tampere Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0159-5830","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oskari","family":"Pakarinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery P\u00e4ij\u00e4t\u2010H\u00e4me Central Hospital Lahti Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9946-4830","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ville M.","family":"Mattila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine University of Tampere Tampere Finland"},{"name":"Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology Tampere University Hospital Tampere Finland"},{"name":"Coxa Hospital for Joint Replacement Tampere Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8178-9610","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilari","family":"Kuitunen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine and Department of Pediatrics University of Eastern Finland Kuopio Finland"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Kuopio University Hospital Kuopio Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2019.01.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/sports10100153"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1457496915607410"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.589983"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-016-0601-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/proceedings2020049135"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2012-091912"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MJT.0b013e31815fd0fe"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wem.2017.11.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2010.072728"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1941738118813051"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/17585732251326905"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.52082\/jssm.2023.748"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jshs.2020.10.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2019-101969"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l6890"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jebm.12141"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","unstructured":"J. P.Higgins J.Thomas J.Chandler et al. \u201cCochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions \u201d Version 6.3. Updated February 2022. Cochrane; 2022 www.training.cochrane.org\/handbook."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2021-103987"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.13648"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.1991.tb00301.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","first-page":"102752","volume-title":"British journal of Sports Medicine","author":"Barth M.","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40798-021-00384-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2013-092206"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.1999.tb00218.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.35.5.321"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2002.000270"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1025855"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/036354658401200210"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wem.2016.05.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-037834"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/156609704\/233\/289788"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MEJ.0b013e328347c1e9"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_12_36_1","first-page":"310","article-title":"Alpine Skiing Injuries. A Nine\u2010Year Study","volume":"164","author":"Davidson T. M.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Western Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_12_37_1","first-page":"231","article-title":"Snowboarding Injuries, a Four\u2010Year Study With Comparison With Alpine Ski Injuries","volume":"164","author":"Davidson T. M.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Western Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_12_38_1","first-page":"25","article-title":"Skiing Injuries in Children, Adolescents, and Adults","volume":"80","author":"Deibert M. C.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery American"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2020.12.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/000164701317269111"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1520\/STP46645S"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A.EkelandandA.Rodven \u201cInjuries in Alpine Skiing Telemarking and Snowboarding \u201d inSkiing Trauma and SafetyVol. 13 (ASTM International 2000) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1520\/STP12866S.","DOI":"10.1520\/STP12866S"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A.Ekeland S.Sulheim andA.Rodven \u201cInjury Rates and Injury Types in Alpine Skiing Telemarking and Snowboarding \u201d inSkiing Trauma and SafetyVol. 15 (ASTM International 2005) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1520\/STP12209S.","DOI":"10.1520\/STP12209S"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A.EkelandandA.R\u00f8dven \u201cInjury Trends in Norwegian Ski Resorts in the 10 Year Period 1996\u20132006 \u201d (2009) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1520\/STP47463S.","DOI":"10.1520\/STP47463S"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A.EkelandandA.R\u00f8dven \u201cAlpine Skiing Telemarking Snowboarding and Skiboarding Injuries Related to Gender and Ability. In Skiing Trauma and Safety: 18th Volume ASTM International \u201d (2012) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1520\/STP104496.","DOI":"10.1520\/STP104496"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2018.07.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2009.068759"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2009.071159"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465010290040901"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjsem-2016-000123"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0306787"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546512449814"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0000000000000395"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/injuryprev-2012-040727"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1520\/STP37912S"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1520\/STP12869S"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2015-095467"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s0317167100052537"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjsem-2020-000742"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0b013e31820ca025"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2014-094211"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1520\/STP47461S"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546511433279"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/036354659602400517"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7752\/jpes.2021.01010"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.36.2.135"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1520\/STP12867S"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.14752"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-200006000-00018"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-200203000-00016"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00042752-200211000-00006"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00042752-200403000-00003"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/OAJSM.S133811"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-199906000-00017"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/23259671211006722"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546509348756"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546507301083"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2020.05.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465000280041001"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2012-091534"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546512472045"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-199804000-00016"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546507313573"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-199906000-00015"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1520\/STP25575S"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1520\/STP18288S"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_87_1","first-page":"127","volume-title":"Skiing Trauma and Safety: Thirteenth Volume","author":"Shealy J. E.","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2003.08.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2011-090528"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2013-093145"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1457496914532249"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-1383(96)00026-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/036354657800600304"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465990270021101"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546504268043"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2005.021329"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CORR.0000000000001982"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465990270061701"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/036354659502300514"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-012-1921-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.1992.tb00335.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-200106000-00020"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.24.2.123"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina61010117"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546515588178"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_106_1","unstructured":"Sport\u2010Conrad \u201cBack Protection: Necessary Safety Equipment \u201d Sport Conrad Blog;2024 https:\/\/www.sport-conrad.com\/blog\/en\/back-protection-necessary-safety-equipment\/?srsltid=AfmBOopQky_SCCFGlqLeNjMJq-mvg2t3BfoAV-59HyCmAdBVSrFXrTlL."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2015-095482"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/036354658901700213"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knee.2026.104502"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_110_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0b013e318270bbca"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_111_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-83133-z"}],"container-title":["Health Science Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/hsr2.73252","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/hsr2.73252","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/hsr2.73252","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T07:41:17Z","timestamp":1791186077000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/hsr2.73252"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":110,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/hsr2.73252"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hsr2.73252","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2398-8835","2398-8835"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2398-8835","type":"print"},{"value":"2398-8835","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-02-21","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-06","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-13","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e73252"}}