{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T11:50:13Z","timestamp":1792410613556,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790121600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Health Science Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Blood\u2010borne infections remain a major global public health concern. Adolescents may encounter preventable exposure risks, making adequate knowledge of transmission and prevention important. This study assessed knowledge of blood\u2010borne infections and associated sociodemographic factors and explored the association between previous exposure to health education and knowledge level among secondary school students in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      An analytical cross\u2010sectional study was conducted among 686 students selected through multistage random sampling from four governmental secondary schools during the 2017\u20132018 academic year. Data were collected using a structured, self\u2010administered, expert\u2010reviewed questionnaire that demonstrated excellent internal consistency reliability (Cronbach's alpha\u2009=\u20090.954). Descriptive analyses,\n                      <jats:italic>\u03c7<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      tests, and multivariable multinomial logistic regression were performed. An exploratory\n                      <jats:italic>\u03c7<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      analysis examined the association between previous exposure to health education and knowledge level, with Cramer's V used to estimate effect size.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The response rate was 98%. Overall, 63.7% of participants had poor knowledge, 24.1% had moderate knowledge, and 12.2% had good knowledge. In bivariate analyses, knowledge level was significantly associated with gender, age, educational grade, educational track, and parental educational level. Previous exposure to health education was also significantly associated with knowledge level (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03c7<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      (2)\u2009=\u200921.10,\n                      <jats:italic>p\u2009<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;\u00a00.001; Cramer's\n                      <jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.175). After adjustment, male students had lower odds of moderate and good knowledge than female students. Selected categories of age, educational grade, and parental education also remained independently associated with knowledge level, whereas educational track was no longer independently associated.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Implications for School Health Policy and Practice<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The identified knowledge gaps may help inform age\u2010appropriate and culturally relevant school health education programs addressing the transmission and prevention of blood\u2010borne infections.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Substantial knowledge gaps regarding blood\u2010borne infections were identified among secondary school students. These findings provide baseline evidence for future research and school health education initiatives. Contemporary studies are needed to determine whether similar knowledge gaps persist among secondary school students in Saudi Arabia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.73283","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T09:01:32Z","timestamp":1790154092000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Knowledge of Blood\u2010Borne Infections Among Secondary School Students in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-3598-1466","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fatimah","family":"Alabdulkareem","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"King Fahad Medical City Riyadh Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6144-513X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Homood A.","family":"Alharbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Nursing King Saud University Riyadh Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Faten","family":"Helmy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Nursing King Saud University Riyadh Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization \u201cHepatitis B \u201d updated July 28 2026 https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/hepatitis-b."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_3_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization \u201cHepatitis C \u201d updated July 28 2026 https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/hepatitis-c."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_4_1","unstructured":"Joint United Nations Programme on HIV\/AIDS (UNAIDS) \u201cGlobal HIV & AIDS Statistics\u2014Fact Sheet \u201d accessed August 19 2026 https:\/\/www.unaids.org\/en\/resources\/fact-sheet."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_5_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization \u201cHealth Promotion \u201d World Health Organization accessed August 20 2026 https:\/\/www.who.int\/health-topics\/health-promotion."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_6_1","volume-title":"Population Estimates Publication 2024","author":"General Authority for Statistics","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_7_1","unstructured":"Ministry of Education Kingdom of Saudi Arabia \u201cGeneral Education Statistics accessed August 19 2026 https:\/\/www.moe.gov.sa\/en\/knowledgecenter\/dataandstats\/edustatdata\/pages\/default.aspx."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_8_1","unstructured":"Saudi Vision 2030 \u201cHealth Sector Transformation Program \u201d Kingdom of Saudi Arabia accessed August 19 2026 https:\/\/www.vision2030.gov.sa\/en\/explore\/programs\/health-sector-transformation-program."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12669\/pjms.296.4137"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_14_10_1","first-page":"657","article-title":"Student's Knowledge and Attitude Regarding Infected Patients With Blood Borne Pathogenesis in College of Applied Medical Science at Kingdom Saudi Arabian","volume":"8","author":"Mahran S. 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