{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T12:51:27Z","timestamp":1791982287784,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790640000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790640000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Health Science Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a growing public health issue in low\u2010 and middle\u2010income countries like Tanzania, where cases are often diagnosed at an advanced stage. The true burden of CKD and its risk factors in rural communities is not well\u2010documented. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of CKD risk factors among participants of a community\u2010based mass screening program in Kilombero, Tanzania.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a cross\u2010sectional, community\u2010based study on 374 adults during a mass screening event in Kilombero, Tanzania. Participants were conveniently sampled and screened for key CKD risk factors, including age, sex, body mass index (BMI), blood pressure, and blood glucose levels. Data were collected via structured interviews, physical examinations, and laboratory tests. Descriptive statistics were used to assess the prevalence of CKD risk factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The mean age of participants was 53.9 years, with 63.4% being male. We found a high prevalence of CKD risk factors: 39.2% were obese, 43.6% had high systolic blood pressure, and 30% had elevated blood glucose. These rates are considerably higher than those reported in previous studies in comparable settings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The prevalence of CKD risk factors in this rural Tanzanian community is alarmingly high, suggesting an impending CKD epidemic. These findings underscore the urgent need for integrating NCD screening and management into routine community health programs, alongside targeted public health interventions to promote healthy lifestyles and ensure early detection and management of risk factors. Addressing this burden is critical to preventing widespread kidney failure and protecting public health in resource\u2010limited settings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.73327","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T04:55:09Z","timestamp":1790744109000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Prevalence of Chronic Kidney Disease Risk Factors in Rural Tanzania: Insights From a Community\u2010Based Screening in Kilombero"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Witness","family":"Lubomba","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine St. Francis University College of Health and Allied Sciences Ifakara Tanzania"},{"name":"St. Francis Regional Referral Hospital Ifakara\u2014Morogoro Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1671-9584","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Majani","family":"Edward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Reform, Innovation, Health Policy and Implementation Research Dodoma Tanzania"},{"name":"Macwish College of Health and Allied Sciences Mwanza Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6383-194X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jerome","family":"Justine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health St. Francis University College of Health and Allied Sciences Ifakara Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-7841-339X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zacharia","family":"Laizer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Diagnostic Medicine Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences Dar Es Salaam Dar es Salaam Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alfred","family":"Pius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine St. Francis University College of Health and Allied Sciences Ifakara Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3108-4302","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jovin","family":"Tibenderana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health St. Francis University College of Health and Allied Sciences Ifakara Tanzania"},{"name":"Directorate of Research, Partnership and Community Service St. Francis University College of Health and Allied Sciences Ifakara Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6916-5087","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claus","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Directorate of Research, Partnership and Community Service St. Francis University College of Health and Allied Sciences Ifakara Tanzania"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology St. Francis University College of Health and Allied Sciences Ifakara Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfv466"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtumed.2023.12.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-024-00820-6"},{"issue":"6454","key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"The Chronic Kidney Disease in Africa (CKD\u2010Africa) Collaboration: Lessons From a New Pan\u2010African Network","volume":"6","author":"George C.","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Global Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0124506"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0205326"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232012223"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pop.2008.01.008"},{"issue":"678","key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Risk Factors of Chronic Kidney Disease Progression: Between Old and New Concepts","volume":"13","author":"Mallamaci F.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24248\/eahrj.v2i1.567"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","volume-title":"Administrative units population distribution report","author":"Tanzania U. 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