{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T08:39:42Z","timestamp":1792399182789,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791158400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Health Science Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Despite widespread Infection Prevention and Control (IPC) measures, Healthcare\u2010Associated Infections (HAIs) remain a major concern in Intensive Care Units (ICUs), leading to increased mortality, prolonged hospital stays, and additional healthcare costs. Prognostic prediction models support identification of patients at high infection risk, and Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence (ML\/AI) methods offer the potential to improve such predictions. However, no systematic review has specifically examined ML\/AI\u2010based prognostic models for HAI prediction in adult ICU populations. This review aims to identify ML\/AI\u2010based prognostic models for estimating the HAI risk in adult ICU\u2010patients, investigate their methodological characteristics, risk of bias and reporting quality.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A systematic search will be conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science to identify studies developing and\/or validating ML\/AI\u2010based prognostic models of HAI prediction in adult ICU\u2010admitted patients. Any study developing or evaluating supervised ML\/AI\u2010based models for the prediction of any HAI occurring after ICU admission will be included. Three reviewers will independently screen articles, extract data, and assess risk of bias using the Risk Of Bias ASsessment Tool for prediction models using Artificial Intelligence (PROBAST\u2009+\u2009AI). Extracted information will include study characteristics, patients and setting, predictors, sample size, missing data, analysis methods, performance, and model presentation and interpretation. A narrative synthesis will be conducted for all included studies. Finally, the SPIN\u2010Prediction Models (SPIN\u2010PM) framework will be used to assess quality of reporting. This systematic review protocol was registered on the Open Science Framework (osf. io\/bzqfp).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This systematic review's findings on methodological aspects, risk of bias, and applicability of ML\/AI\u2010based prognostic models for HAI prediction in adult ICU patients will help inform researchers, clinicians, and IPC decision\u2010makers about these models' reliability and readiness for clinical use.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.73335","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T07:19:52Z","timestamp":1791184792000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Artificial Intelligence Prognostic Models for Healthcare\u2010Associated Infection Prediction in Adult Intensive Care Units: A Systematic Review Protocol"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-3140-7343","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Sciurti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases Sapienza University of Rome Rome Italy"},{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, Health, and Health Professions Link Campus University Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Migliara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, Health, and Health Professions Link Campus University Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2903-0719","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonardo Maria","family":"Siena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases Sapienza University of Rome Rome Italy"},{"name":"UniCamillus \u2010 Saint Camillus International University of Health Sciences"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3977-6020","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulia","family":"Bonanno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases Sapienza University of Rome Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolina","family":"Marzuillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases Sapienza University of Rome Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Villari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases Sapienza University of Rome Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7873-7817","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentina","family":"Baccolini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases Sapienza University of Rome Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000004783"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","volume-title":"Guidelines on Core Components of Infection Prevention and Control Programmes at the National and Acute Health Care Facility Level","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","unstructured":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Healthcare\u2010associated infections acquired in intensive care units: Annual Epidemiological Report for 2021. Published online October 1 2024 accessed October 27 2025. ecdc.europa.eu\/en\/publications\u2010data\/healthcare\u2010associated\u2010infections\u2010acquired\u2010intensive\u2010care\u2010units\u2010annual\u20100."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2022.08.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469\u20100691.2010.03332.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/med\/9780198796619.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0972\u20105229.130573"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196\u20106553(99)70085\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010\u2010022\u201001972\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.5870"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2023.08.043"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/08850666241277134"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.06.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare12191996"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artmed.2025.103137"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2021.01.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134\u2010019\u201005872\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2021.10.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2022.11.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874\u2010022\u201001577\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2021.05.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g7647"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001744"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119099369.ch18"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj\u20102022\u2010073538"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj\u20102023\u2010078378"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj\u20102024\u2010082505"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2022.07.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2024.111364"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2021.11.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2024.111344"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2023.10.016"}],"container-title":["Health Science Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/hsr2.73335","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/hsr2.73335","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/hsr2.73335","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T07:45:57Z","timestamp":1792395957000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/hsr2.73335"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/hsr2.73335"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hsr2.73335","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2398-8835","2398-8835"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2398-8835","type":"print"},{"value":"2398-8835","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-01-08","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-25","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-10-05","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e73335"}}