{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T07:53:12Z","timestamp":1792050792016,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791849600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":12,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Health Science Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a highly heterogeneous hematologic malignancy with variable clinical behavior and outcomes. Conventional morphology\u2010based classification is insufficient to capture this complexity, necessitating the use of molecular, cytogenetic, and immunophenotypic biomarkers for accurate diagnosis, risk stratification, and therapeutic guidance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This narrative review aims to synthesize current evidence on molecular, cytogenetic, and immunophenotypic biomarkers in AML and to highlight their clinical relevance and emerging future directions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A narrative review of the literature was conducted, focusing on key molecular mutations, cytogenetic abnormalities, and immunophenotypic profiles with established or emerging diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive value in AML.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Molecular biomarkers such as\n                      <jats:italic>FLT3<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>NPM1<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>CEBPA<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>IDH1\/2<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>TP53<\/jats:italic>\n                      mutations play central roles in AML pathogenesis and prognostication. Cytogenetic abnormalities remain critical for risk classification, with favorable, intermediate, and adverse karyotypic profiles strongly influencing outcomes. Immunophenotypic biomarkers, assessed by multiparameter flow cytometry, are essential for diagnosis and minimal residual disease monitoring, providing powerful prognostic information. Integration of these biomarkers has significantly advanced precision medicine in AML.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Molecular, cytogenetic, and immunophenotypic biomarkers collectively underpin modern AML management. Continued integration of multi\u2010omics data and MRD\u2010guided strategies is expected to further refine personalized therapy and improve clinical outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.73393","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T07:57:06Z","timestamp":1791878226000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Molecular, Cytogenetic, and Immunophenotypic Biomarkers in Acute Myeloid Leukemia: Current Evidence and Future Directions\u2014A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4538-0161","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emmanuel Ifeanyi","family":"Obeagu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Haematology, Department of Biomedical and Laboratory Science Africa University Mutare Zimbabwe"},{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, Faculty of Health Sciences University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Hematology and Immunohematology Bahir Dar University Bahir Dar Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.015974"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.3198"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells15040338"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","first-page":"328","article-title":"Acute Myeloid Leukemia\u2010Genetic Alterations and Their Clinical Prognosis","volume":"11","author":"Lagunas\u2010Rangel F. 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