{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T18:27:20Z","timestamp":1793816840983,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,23]],"date-time":"2022-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661212800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Health Science Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There is a sought for vaccines and antiviral agents as countermeasures for the recent monkeypox outbreak. Here, we aimed to review and discuss the repurposing potentials of smallpox vaccines and drugs in monkeypox outbreaks based on their comparative benefits and risks. Therefore, we conducted this rapid review and discussed the repurposing potentials of smallpox vaccines and drugs in monkeypox infection.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Here, we searched Google Scholar and PubMed for relevant information and data. We found many articles that have suggested the use of smallpox vaccines and antiviral drugs in monkeypox outbreaks according to the study findings. We read the relevant articles to extract information.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      According to the available documents, we found two replication\u2010competent and one replication\u2010deficient vaccinia vaccines were effective against\n                      <jats:italic>Orthopoxvirus<\/jats:italic>\n                      . However, the healthcare authorities have authorized second\u2010generation live vaccina virus vaccines against\n                      <jats:italic>Orthopoxvirus<\/jats:italic>\n                      in many countries. Smallpox vaccine is almost 85% effective in preventing monkeypox infection as monkeypox virus, variola virus, and vaccinia virus are similar. The United States and Canada have approved a replication\u2010deficient third\u2010generation smallpox vaccine for the prevention of monkeypox infection. However, the widely used second\u2010generation smallpox vaccines contain a live virus and replicate it into the human cell. Therefore, there is a chance to cause virus\u2010induced complications among the vaccinated subjects. In those circumstances, the available\n                      <jats:italic>Orthopoxvirus<\/jats:italic>\n                      inhibitors might be a good choice for treating monkeypox infections as they showed similar efficacy in monkeypox infection in different animal model clinical trials. Also, the combined use of antiviral drugs and vaccinia immune globulin can enhance significant effectiveness in immunocompromised subjects.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Repurposing of these smallpox vaccines and antiviral agents might be weapons to fight monkeypox infection. Also, we recommend further investigations of smallpox vaccines and\n                      <jats:italic>Orthopoxvirus<\/jats:italic>\n                      inhibitors in a human model study to explore their exact role in human monkeypox infections.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.798","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,24]],"date-time":"2022-08-24T00:58:42Z","timestamp":1661302722000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["Repositioning potentials of smallpox vaccines and antiviral agents in monkeypox outbreak: A rapid review on comparative benefits and risks"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2820-3144","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md. Rabiul","family":"Islam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy University of Asia Pacific  Dhaka Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9706-207X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md. Jamal","family":"Hossain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy State University of Bangladesh  Dhaka Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arpita","family":"Roy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering &amp; Technology Sharda University  Greater Noida India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. H. M. Nazmul","family":"Hasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy University of Asia Pacific  Dhaka Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md. Ashrafur","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center (TTUHSC)  Amarillo Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Shahriar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy University of Asia Pacific  Dhaka Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohiuddin Ahmed","family":"Bhuiyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy University of Asia Pacific  Dhaka Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.o1274"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"IslamMR AsaduzzamanM ShahriarM BhuiyanMA.The spreading of monkeypox in nonendemic countries has created panic across the world: could it be another threat?J Med Virol.2022.doi:10.1002\/jmv.27919","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.27919"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","unstructured":"The World Health Organization.Multi\u2010Country Monkeypox Outbreak: Situation Update.\u00a0https:\/\/www.who.int\/emergencies\/disease-outbreak-news\/item\/2022-DON393"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","unstructured":"Gavi.Five Things You Need to Know About Monkeypox.https:\/\/www.gavi.org\/vaccineswork\/five-things-you-need-know-about-monkeypox?gclid=CjwKCAjw4ayUBhA4EiwATWyBrrd1cTgCWqNhTOA5qaSHYCq6F6TBdJiemwdqNOQFcx0zc2zuq8ZsixoCt94QAvD_BwE."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","unstructured":"The Guardian.Monkeypox Outbreak Could be Just \u2018The Peak of the Iceberg\u2019 WHO Warns.https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2022\/may\/28\/monkeypox-outbreak-could-be-just-the-peak-of-the-iceberg-who-warns?fbclid=IwAR07kTXQZ9sMVwIyt-MGR-YxYalUZf4NTLUz7brLZAqTMzkUvEJ7CO-F66Q"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.27574"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.671"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","volume-title":"Smallpox and its Eradication","author":"Fenner F","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.281.22.2127"},{"issue":"02","key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Clinical guidance for smallpox vaccine use in a postevent vaccination program","volume":"64","author":"Petersen BW","year":"2015","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2009.01.038"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","first-page":"207","article-title":"Newly licensed smallpox vaccine to replace old smallpox vaccine","volume":"57","author":"CDC","year":"2008","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Moratal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","volume-title":"Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases","author":"Mandell GL","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1273"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2008.08.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/378357"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","first-page":"1826","article-title":"Epidemiological studies in smallpox. A study of intrafamilial transmission in a series of 254 infected families","volume":"56","author":"Rao AR","year":"1968","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a121326"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a121615"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra020025"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1517\/13543784.17.4.555"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.292.10.1205"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2007.10.063"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken.JJID.2016.417"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02642-05"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines8030396"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.10.049"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198703123161106"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.294.21.2734"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2005.01.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","unstructured":"US FDA.Food and Drug Administration. Acambis I. ACAM2000 Smallpox Vaccine: Vaccines and Related Biological Products Advisory Committee (VRBPAC) briefing document.Food and Drug Administration;2007.http:\/\/www.fda.gov\/ohrms\/dockets\/ac\/07\/briefing\/2007-4292b2-02.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/524744"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/122.4.303"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","unstructured":"CDC. Vaccines;2019.https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/smallpox\/clinicians\/vaccines.html"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","unstructured":"CDC.Monkeypox and Smallpox Vaccine Guidance;2022.https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/poxvirus\/monkeypox\/clinicians\/smallpox-vaccine.html"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/14760584.8.1.13"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2009.11.030"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jit105"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jis753"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2013.04.050"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2005.11.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.010553-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-3542(03)00008-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/374244"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir952"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2006.03.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_1","unstructured":"Access Data.Full Prescribing Information for Cidofovir.https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/1999\/020638s003lbl.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_49_1","unstructured":"Access Data.Full Prescribing Information for Brincidofovir.https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2021\/214460s000 214461s000lbl.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_50_1","unstructured":"Access Data.Full Prescribing Information for Tecovirimat.https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2018\/208627s000lbl.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/fvl.13.76"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.1890410312"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00355-12"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-3542(02)00199-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/095632020801900302"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archdermatol.2011.20"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2006.10.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/FTD.0000000000000353"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v3020063"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-9-119"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jir853"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02012-09"},{"issue":"22","key":"e_1_2_10_63_1","first-page":"00228","article-title":"Clinical features and management of human monkeypox: a retrospective observational study in the UK","volume":"1473","author":"Adler H","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.20.13139-13149.2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v2112409"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01044-08"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0170070"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_10_68_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Recommendations for using smallpox vaccine in a pre\u2010event vaccination program. supplemental recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices (ACIP) and the healthcare infection control practices advisory committee (HICPAC)","volume":"52","author":"Wharton M","year":"2003","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.04289-14"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"IslamMR HasanM RahmanMS Rahman Md.A. (2022).Monkeypox outbreak\u2013No panic and stigma: only awareness and preventive measures can halt the pandemic turn of this epidemic infection.The International Journal of Health Planning and Management.doi:10.1002\/hpm.3539","DOI":"10.1002\/hpm.3539"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.897","type":"erratum","label":"Erratum","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]],"date-time":"2022-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667260800000}}],"container-title":["Health Science Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/hsr2.798","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/hsr2.798","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/hsr2.798","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,18]],"date-time":"2023-08-18T02:11:06Z","timestamp":1692324666000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/hsr2.798"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,23]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/hsr2.798"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hsr2.798","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2398-8835","2398-8835"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2398-8835","type":"print"},{"value":"2398-8835","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-06-22","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-08-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-08-23","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e798"}}