{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T12:22:45Z","timestamp":1782476565164,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,26]],"date-time":"2010-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1264464000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Human Psychopharmacology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To determine the lethal toxicity of five commonly\u2010used illicit substances by relating the number of associated deaths to their availability.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>An index of toxicity was calculated for each of five drugs [heroin, cocaine\/crack, ecstasy (MDMA), amphetamine and cannabis] as the ratio of the number of deaths associated with that substance to its availability in the period 2003\u20132007. Three separate proxy measures of availability were used (number of users as determined by household surveys, number of seizures by law enforcement agencies and estimates of the market size). All data are related to England and Wales only.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>There was a broad correlation between all three denominators of availability. Not unexpectedly, heroin and cannabis showed, respectively, the highest and lowest toxicities. The index of fatal toxicity of MDMA was close to that of amphetamine and cocaine\/crack. There was a rank correlation between this index and other measures of lethal toxicity based on safety ratios.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>These results are contrary to widely\u2010held public views of the relative fatal toxicity of MDMA. Copyright \u00a9 2010 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/hup.1090","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,26]],"date-time":"2010-01-26T16:04:29Z","timestamp":1264521869000},"page":"162-166","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["An index of fatal toxicity for drugs of misuse"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Leslie A.","family":"King","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John M.","family":"Corkery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","unstructured":"Anon.2008.Report: Deaths related to drug poisoning in England and Wales 2003\u201007 Health Statistics Quarterly39 Office for National Statistics Autumn 2008."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","unstructured":"Chivite\u2010MatthewsN RichardsonA O'SheaJ et al.2005.Drug misuse declared: Findings from the 2003\/04 British Crime Survey England and Wales Home Office Statistical Bulletin04\/05 Home Office: London."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0955-3959(01)00092-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2004.00744.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.305.6844.5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","unstructured":"House of Commons Home Affairs Committee.2002.The government's drugs policy: is it working?Third report of session 2001\u201002 Volume 1: Report and Proceedings of the Committee The Stationery Office: London."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","unstructured":"HoareJ FlatleyJ.2008.Drug misuse declared: Findings from the 2007\/08 British Crime Survey England and Wales Home Office Statistical Bulletin13\/08 Home Office: London."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(81)91709-8"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1177\/002580248302300307","article-title":"A possible index of fatal toxicity in humans","volume":"23","author":"King LA","year":"1983","journal-title":"Med Sci Law"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","unstructured":"MurphyR RoeS.2007.Drug misuse declared: Findings from the 2006\/07 British Crime Survey England and Wales Home Office Statistical Bulletin18\/07 Home Office: London."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","volume-title":"Measuring Different Aspects of Problem Drug Use: Methodological Developments","author":"Pudney S","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","unstructured":"RoeS.2005.Drug misuse declared: Findings from the 2004\/05 British Crime Survey England and Wales Home Office Statistical Bulletin16\/05 Home Office: London."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RoeS ManL.2006.Drug Misuse Declared: Findings from the 2005\/06 British Crime Survey England and Wales Home Office Statistical Bulletin15\/06 Home Office: London.","DOI":"10.1037\/e422542008-001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","unstructured":"SchifanoF.2008.Ecstasy and amphetamines; the National Programme on Substance Abuse Deaths (np\u2010SAD) mortality data Presentation to the Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs London 26 September 2008."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881107079170"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881106060147"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hup.528"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","unstructured":"SmithK.2008.Seizures of Drugs in England and Wales 2006\/07 Home Office Statistical Bulletin12\/08 Home Office London."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"SmithK DoddL.2009.Seizures of Drugs in England and Wales 2007\/08 Home Office Statistical Bulletin08\/09 Home Office London.","DOI":"10.1037\/e586992012-001"}],"container-title":["Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fhup.1090","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/hup.1090","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,21]],"date-time":"2023-11-21T08:55:03Z","timestamp":1700556903000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/hup.1090"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,26]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/hup.1090"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hup.1090","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0885-6222","1099-1077"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0885-6222","type":"print"},{"value":"1099-1077","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,26]]}}}