{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T15:51:04Z","timestamp":1782748264443,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,4]],"date-time":"2014-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1407110400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Human Psychopharmacology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Oxidative stress can result in damage to the brain and other organs. To protect from oxidative damage, the human body possesses molecular defense systems, based on the activity of antioxidants, and enzymatic defense systems, including the enzymes catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH\u2010Px). Although pre\u2010clinical research has shown that stimulant use is associated with oxidative damage, oxidative stress and the antioxidant defense systems have not been evaluated in clinical samples of stimulant\u2010dependent patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study aimed to investigate the link between stimulant dependence and oxidative stress.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Peripheral blood samples from 174 methamphetamine (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200948) and\/or cocaine\u2010dependent (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009126) participants as well as 30 normal control participants were analyzed for the enzyme activities of CAT, SOD, and GSH\u2010Px in the erythrocytes and the total antioxidant capacity and the malondialdehyde concentration in the plasma.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We could show an association of stimulant dependence with a depletion of total antioxidant capacity to 54.6\u2009\u00b1\u20094.7%, which correlates with a reduced activity of the SOD to 71.3\u2009\u00b1\u20090.03% compared with healthy control participants (100%).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Stimulant\u2010dependent patients had significantly lower antioxidant capacity relative to controls, suggesting that they may be at greater risk for oxidative damage to the brain and other organs. Copyright \u00a9 2014 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/hup.2430","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,4]],"date-time":"2014-08-04T05:50:19Z","timestamp":1407131419000},"page":"537-543","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Total antioxidant capacity is significantly lower in cocaine\u2010dependent and methamphetamine\u2010dependent patients relative to normal controls: results from a preliminary study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Jessica","family":"Walker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutritional and Physiological Chemistry University of Vienna Vienna Austria"},{"name":"Department of Food Science University of Wisconsin Madison Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theresa","family":"Winhusen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience University of Cincinnati 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