{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T17:26:13Z","timestamp":1767374773214,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,28]],"date-time":"2015-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1438041600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":27,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Human Psychopharmacology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>The intravenous (IV) injection of tropicamide for non\u2010clinical purposes is a new and widespread drug trend. The aim of this study is to provide the first literature review on the topic.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Relevant literature was identified through a search of MEDLINE, Psycinfo, Google Scholar, conference proceedings and select citations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cases of tropicamide (IV) injection have been reported in Russia, Italy, Turkey and Kazakhstan. This phenomenon is mainly secondary to primary opioid (especially heroin) addiction. Several key factors can be associated with its rapid diffusion: (i) enhancement of the \u2018positive\u2019 effects of heroin; (ii) decrease and delay of heroin withdrawal symptoms; (iii) easy availability; (iv) low costs; (v) fast effects; and (vi) visibility of self\u2010reported experiences on Internet. Acute tropicamide intoxications can lead to anticholinergic syndrome, hyperthermia, tremors and convulsions. Chronic tropicamide\u2010related problems include cardiovascular toxicity, psychosis, renal or liver failures, severe weight loss and infections. Fatalities due to tropicamide IV injection have been reported in non evidence\u2010based\/peer\u2010reviewed sources, such as drug fora, websites and media news.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Tropicamide IV injections represent a serious health risk. Specific prevention programmes should be implemented for the general population as well as for the high\u2010risk population of polydrug abusers. Copyright \u00a9 2015 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/hup.2481","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,28]],"date-time":"2015-07-28T07:15:45Z","timestamp":1438067745000},"page":"262-264","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Injecting eye\u2010drops: a mini\u2010review on the non\u2010clinical use of tropicamide"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7555-8020","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco Saverio","family":"Bersani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Psychiatry Sapienza University of Rome  Rome Italy"},{"name":"School of Life and Medical Sciences University of Hertfordshire  Hatfield UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claudio","family":"Imperatori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Sciences European University of Rome  Rome 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