{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T07:49:43Z","timestamp":1767340183075,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,6]],"date-time":"2017-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1499299200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Human Psychopharmacology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>The aim of this study was to investigate the usefulness of ethyl glucuronide (EtG) and ethyl sulfate (EtS) as biomarkers of the hangover state.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Thirty\u2010sixhealthy social drinkers participated in this study, being of naturalistic design. Eighteen participants experience regular hangovers (the hangover group), whereas the other 18 claim to not experience a hangover (the hangover\u2010immune group). On a control day (alcohol\u2010free) day and a post\u2010alcohol day, urine EtG and EtS concentrations were determined and hangover severity assessed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Urinary EtG and EtS concentrations were significantly increased on post\u2010alcohol day compared to the control day (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0.0001). Both EtG and EtS concentrations did not significantly correlate with the overall hangover score, nor with the estimated peak blood alcohol concentrations and number of alcoholic drinks. EtG correlated significantly only with the individual hangover symptom \u201cheadache\u201d (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0.033; <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0.403). No significant correlations were found with the EtG to EtS ratio. EtG and EtS concentrations significantly correlated with urine ethanol concentrations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Although urine EtG and EtS concentration did not significantly correlate to estimated peak blood alcohol concentrations or the number of alcoholic drinks consumed, a significant correlation was found with urine ethanol concentration. However, urine EtG and EtS concentrations did not significantly correlate with overall hangover severity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/hup.2624","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,7]],"date-time":"2017-07-07T11:59:58Z","timestamp":1499428798000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Biomarkers of the alcohol hangover state: Ethyl glucuronide (EtG) and ethyl sulfate (EtS)"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Marlou","family":"Mackus","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS) Utrecht University  Utrecht The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aurora J. A. E.","family":"van de Loo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS) Utrecht University  Utrecht The Netherlands"},{"name":"Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS) Utrecht University  Utrecht The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S. Jorinde","family":"Raasveld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS) Utrecht University  Utrecht The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Hogewoning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS) Utrecht University  Utrecht The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Javier","family":"Sastre Tora\u00f1o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS) Utrecht University  Utrecht The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Frits M.","family":"Flesch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS) Utrecht University  Utrecht The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gerdien A. 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