{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T09:54:32Z","timestamp":1753869272775,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,12]],"date-time":"2018-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1539302400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Human Psychopharmacology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study aims to describe the prescription patterns of the mood stabilizers most commonly used for the treatment of bipolar I and II disorders (lithium, valproate, and carbamazepine) and to analyze the treatment outcomes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Two hundred and thirty\u2010four outpatients with bipolar disorders receiving prophylactic treatment with lithium, valproate, carbamazepine, or their combination were followed up for at least 18\u00a0months in two Italian psychiatric centers specialized in mood disorders.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The combination of lithium and valproate or carbamazepine was the most common prophylactic treatment (54.3%), followed by valproate or carbamazepine (24%) and lithium monotherapy (22%). Polytherapy was prescribed mainly to patients with bipolar I disorder, a high number of previous episodes and lifetime psychotic symptoms, whereas valproate or carbamazepine monotherapy was prescribed to patients with anxiety comorbidity. The annual frequency of recurrences decreased significantly after entering the study in the overall sample, and the reduction was significantly higher in patients on lithium plus valproate or carbamazepine compared with the valproate or carbamazepine group, but not with the lithium monotherapy group. The number of mixed recurrences during the follow\u2010up was significantly higher in patients on lithium plus valproate or carbamazepine.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our findings may help clinicians to personalize long\u2010term treatment to prevent relapses of bipolar disorder according to clinical presentation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/hup.2676","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,12]],"date-time":"2018-10-12T14:58:53Z","timestamp":1539356333000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Lithium, valproate, and carbamazepine prescribing patterns for long\u2010term treatment of bipolar I and II disorders: A prospective study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7417-057X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Musetti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine University of Pisa  Pisa Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Tundo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto di Psicopatologia  Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Benedetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine University of Pisa  Pisa Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gabriele","family":"Massimetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine University of Pisa  Pisa Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erika","family":"Cambiali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine University of Pisa  Pisa Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Pergentini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine University of Pisa  Pisa Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Del Grande","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine University of Pisa  Pisa Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liliana","family":"Dell'Osso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine University of Pisa  Pisa Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40345-017-0093-5"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with bipolar disorder (revision)","volume":"15","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"2002","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"volume-title":"The American Psychiatric Association Practice Guidelines for the Psychiatric Evaluation of Adults","year":"2016","author":"American Psychiatric Association Work Group on Psychiatric Evaluation","key":"e_1_2_7_4_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/684725"},{"issue":"9712","key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)61828-6","article-title":"Lithium plus valproate combination therapy versus monotherapy for relapse prevention in bipolar I disorder (BALANCE): A randomised open\u2010label trial","volume":"375","author":"BALANCE investigators and collaborators","year":"2010","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1176\/ps.2008.59.10.1175","article-title":"Psychotropic medications for patients with bipolar disorder in the United States: Polytherapy and adherence","volume":"59","author":"Baldessarini R.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychiatric Services"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/2194-7511-1-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v60n0104"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2003.09.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/YIC.0b013e328333ac1b"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-005-0864-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","first-page":"91","volume-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of depression","author":"Cassano G. 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