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Cocaine abuse has been linked to impaired inhibition in the verbal and nonverbal domains. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible impairment of the inhibitory control process engaged in the production of language among chronic cocaine users, both in rehabilitation and recreational contexts.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>Researchers obtained an index of semantic interference from a picture\u2013word task performed by chronic cocaine users in rehabilitation (Experiment 1) and recreational cocaine polydrug users (Experiment 2). Cocaine users in both groups were matched for age and intelligence with cocaine\u2010free health controls. Performance on the picture\u2013word task was analyzed by repeated\u2010measures analyses of variance.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Both groups of cocaine users showed significantly more semantic interference than their respective cocaine\u2010free control group. These results suggest a deficit in the ability to inhibit interfering information.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The present findings suggest that cocaine use, even at recreational levels, is associated with specific impairments in the inhibitory mechanism that reduces the activation of overt competing responses in language production. This impairment results in the inefficient avoidance of irrelevant information, inducing errors and slower responses during the production of spoken language.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/hup.2689","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,14]],"date-time":"2019-02-14T15:02:16Z","timestamp":1550156536000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Increased picture\u2013word interference in chronic and recreational users of cocaine"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1286-6624","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel J.","family":"Ruiz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mind, Brain and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), Department of Experimental Psychology University of Granada  Granada Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1735-1280","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorenza S.","family":"Colzato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition Leiden University  Leiden The Netherlands"},{"name":"Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience Ruhr University  Bochum Germany"},{"name":"Institute for Sports and Sport Science University of Kassel  Kassel Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2996-8261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Teresa","family":"Bajo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mind, Brain and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), Department of Experimental Psychology University of Granada  Granada Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3964-7405","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela","family":"Paolieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mind, Brain and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), Department of Experimental Psychology University of Granada  Granada Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,14]]},"reference":[{"volume-title":"DSM\u2010IV\u2010TR\u00ae","year":"2000","author":"American Psychological Association, A. 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