{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T07:15:54Z","timestamp":1791357354175,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,11]],"date-time":"2019-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1562803200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":10,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Human Psychopharmacology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>The aim of the study was to compare the structure and function of the thyroid in patients with bipolar disorder (BD) receiving long\u2010term lithium treatment, with BD patients never receiving lithium.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Ninety\u2010eight patients (68 female and 30 male), aged 62 \u00b1 13 years, receiving lithium for 3\u201347 years (mean 19 \u00b1 10 years), and 39 patients (27 female and 12 male), aged 57 \u00b1 10 years, receiving other mood\u2010stabilizing drugs but never treated with lithium, were included. The thyroid\u2010stimulating hormone (TSH), free triiodothyronine (fT3), and free thyroxine (fT4) were estimated, and the ultrasonographic study of the thyroid gland was performed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Compared with patients not receiving lithium, lithium\u2010treated patients had significantly higher concentrations of TSH and fT4 and the lower concentration of fT3. However, the percentage of hypothyroidism was not different in both groups. Lithium\u2010treated patients also had significantly higher thyroid volume, the higher number of focal changes &gt;1 cm, and more frequent goiter. The structural changes were not related to the hormones' concentrations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results show a significant association between long\u2010term lithium treatment and the increase of TSH and fT4, the decrease of fT3, higher thyroid volume, and more frequent goiter and nodular goiter. The effect of lithium on thyroid structure was not associated with its effect on thyroid hormones.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/hup.2708","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,12]],"date-time":"2019-07-12T03:03:54Z","timestamp":1562900634000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Thyroid structure and function in long\u2010term lithium\u2010treated and lithium\u2010na\u00efve bipolar patients"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Kraszewska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Adult Psychiatry Poznan University of Medical Sciences  Poznan Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Ziemnicka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Internal Diseases Poznan University of Medical Sciences  Poznan Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Jo\u0144czyk\u2010Potoczna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Radiology Poznan University of Medical Sciences  Poznan Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jerzy","family":"Sowi\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Internal Diseases Poznan University of Medical Sciences  Poznan Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0577-0381","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janusz K.","family":"Rybakowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Adult Psychiatry Poznan University of Medical Sciences  Poznan Poland"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatric Nursing Poznan University of Medical Sciences  Poznan Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0253-7176.178774"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1967.01730200030005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2007.01.033"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bdi.12150"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-87-5-1085"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1991.tb05523.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004714-200112000-00009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03346311"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2011.02.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1121189X00004322"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.125.4.527"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","volume-title":"Structured clinical interview for DSM\u2010IV axis I disorders. 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