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Performance was assessed using an on\u2010the\u2010road driving test measuring standard deviation of lateral position (SDLP, in cm) and a battery of neurocognitive tasks. Performance differences between groups were compared with a blood alcohol concentration of 0.5 mg\/ml to determine clinical relevance.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Compared with controls, SDLP was significantly increased in hypnotic users (+1.70 cm) but not in anxiolytic users (+1.48 cm). Anxiolytic and hypnotic users showed significant and clinically relevant impairment on neurocognitive task measuring executive functioning, vigilance, and reaction time. For patients using hypnotics for at least 3 years, no significant driving impairment was observed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Impairing effects of benzodiazepine hypnotics on driving performance may mitigate over time following longer term use (i.e. 3 years or more) although neurocognitive impairments may remain.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/hup.2715","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,14]],"date-time":"2019-12-14T07:46:08Z","timestamp":1576309568000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Driving performance and neurocognitive skills of long\u2010term users of benzodiazepine anxiolytics and hypnotics"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4523-4519","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nick N.J.J.M.","family":"van der Sluiszen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience Maastricht University  Maastricht The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9504-1184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annemiek","family":"Vermeeren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience Maastricht University  Maastricht The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6455-2096","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joris C.","family":"Verster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division Pharmacology Utrecht University  Utrecht The Netherlands"},{"name":"Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences Utrecht University  Utrecht The Netherlands"},{"name":"Centre for Human Psychopharmacology Swinburne University  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0016-9151","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aurora J.A.E.","family":"van de Loo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division Pharmacology Utrecht University  Utrecht The Netherlands"},{"name":"Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences Utrecht University  Utrecht The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5368-9353","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joke H.","family":"van Dijken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology University of Groningen  Groningen The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1604-5321","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janet L.","family":"Veldstra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology University of Groningen  Groningen The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5124-437X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karel A.","family":"Brookhuis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology University of Groningen  Groningen The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0262-4573","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dick","family":"de Waard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology University of Groningen  Groningen The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4553-376X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johannes G.","family":"Ramaekers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience Maastricht University  Maastricht The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00023210-200418010-00004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/34.5.581"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0272-7358(88)90050-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2009.07.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"The role of the drinking driver in traffic accidents (The Grand Rapids Study)","volume":"11","author":"Borkenstein R. 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