{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T14:24:28Z","timestamp":1790605468018,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,2]],"date-time":"2022-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643760000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Human Psychopharmacology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To assess endocannabinoid (anandamide, AEA; 2\u2010arachidonoylglycerol, 2\u2010AG) plasma levels in healthy volunteers and in volunteers with social anxiety disorder (SAD) after a single oral dose of ayahuasca or placebo.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Post hoc<\/jats:italic> analysis of endocannabinoid plasma levels (baseline, 90 and 240\u00a0min after drug intake) from two parallel\u2010group, randomized, placebo\u2010controlled trials. In Study 1, 20 healthy volunteers ingested ayahuasca (average 1.58\u00a0mg\/ml dimethyltryptamine (DMT)) or placebo, and in Study 2, 17 volunteers with SAD received ayahuasca (average 0.680\u00a0mg\/ml DMT) or placebo.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A significant difference was observed in AEA concentrations in Study 2 after ayahuasca intake (\u03a7<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>(2)\u00a0=\u00a06.5, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.03, Friedman test), and near significant differences (increases) were observed between baseline and 90 (Z\u00a0=\u00a00, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.06, Wilcoxon test) and 240 (Z\u00a0=\u00a010, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.06) minutes after ayahuasca intake.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Although our findings suggest that ayahuasca could modulate AEA levels in SAD patients, the high interindividual variability in both trials and the small samples preclude definitive conclusions. More research with larger samples is needed to better understand the effects of ayahuasca and other hallucinogens in the endocannabinoid system.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/hup.2834","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,2]],"date-time":"2022-02-02T14:18:11Z","timestamp":1643811491000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Effects of ayahuasca on the endocannabinoid system of healthy volunteers and in volunteers with social anxiety disorder: Results from two pilot, proof\u2010of\u2010concept, randomized, placebo\u2010controlled trials"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2388-4745","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafael G.","family":"dos Santos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences and Behavior Ribeir\u00e3o Preto Medical School University of S\u00e3o Paulo  Ribeir\u00e3o Preto 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L.","family":"Os\u00f3rio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences and Behavior Ribeir\u00e3o Preto Medical School University of S\u00e3o Paulo  Ribeir\u00e3o Preto Brazil"},{"name":"National Institute of Science and Technology \u2013 Translational Medicine  Ribeir\u00e3o Preto Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gen\u00eds","family":"Ona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICEERS \u2010 International Center for Ethnobotanical Education Research and Services  Barcelona Spain"},{"name":"Medical Anthropology Research Center (MARC) Universitat Rovira i Virgili  Tarragona Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1115-9407","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Carlos","family":"Bouso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences and Behavior Ribeir\u00e3o Preto Medical School University of S\u00e3o Paulo  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