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The article assesses potential ayahuasca and N,N\u2010dimethyltryptamine (DMT) integration with contemporary healthcare. The review also seeks to provide a summary of selected literature regarding the mechanisms of action of DMT and ayahuasca; and assess to what extent the state of research can explain reports of unusual phenomenology.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>A narrative review.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Compounds in ayahuasca have been found to bind to serotonergic receptors, glutaminergic receptors, sigma\u20101 receptors, trace amine\u2010associated receptors, and modulate BDNF expression and the dopaminergic system. Subjective effects are associated with increased delta and theta oscillations in amygdala and hippocampal regions, decreased alpha wave activity in the default mode network, and stimulations of vision\u2010related brain regions particularly in the visual association cortex. Both biological processes and field of consciousness models have been proposed to explain subjective effects of DMT and ayahuasca, however, the evidence supporting the proposed models is not sufficient to make confident conclusions. Ayahuasca plant medicine and DMT represent potentially novel treatment modalities.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Further research is required to clarify the mechanisms of action and develop treatments which can be made available to the general public. Integration between healthcare research institutions and reputable practitioners in the Amazon is recommended.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/hup.2835","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,17]],"date-time":"2022-02-17T14:24:45Z","timestamp":1645107885000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["N,N\u2010dimethyltryptamine and Amazonian ayahuasca plant medicine"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9158-0762","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edward","family":"James","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Cardiff University Cardiff UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joachim","family":"Keppler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Consciousness Research DIWISS Roth Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"L Robertshaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Cardiff University Cardiff UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ben","family":"Sessa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology Division of Brain Sciences Faculty of Medicine Imperial College London London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3908(97)00051-8"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","first-page":"148","article-title":"Alkaloid content of Banisteriopsis rusbyana","volume":"140","author":"Agurell S.","year":"1968","journal-title":"The American Journal of Pharmacy"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.59784"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","volume-title":"Proof of heaven: A neurosurgeon\u2019s journey into the afterlife","author":"Alexander E.","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyv039"},{"issue":"29","key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Dopamine modulates delta\u2010gamma phase\u2010amplitude coupling in the prefrontal cortex of behaving rats","volume":"11","author":"Andino\u2010Pavlovsky V.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Frontiers in Neural Circuits"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","volume-title":"The stanford Encyclopedia of philosophy","author":"Baker A.","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2005.10399801"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2018.00136"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2006.03870.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)08926-2"},{"issue":"536","key":"e_1_2_13_13_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"N, N\u2010dimethyltryptamine (DMT), an endogenous hallucinogen: Past, present, and future research to determine its role and function","volume":"12","author":"Barker SA.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Frontiers in Neuroscience"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881118767648"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bmc.2981"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.422"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_17_1","first-page":"83","volume-title":"International review of neurobiology","author":"Barker S. 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