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Two hundred and eighty ecstasy polydrug users were allocated into five cannabis groups according to the frequency of their cannabis use. The control group comprised 121 alcohol\u2010tobacco users. There were no significant group differences with regard to age, diagnosed family psychiatric history and level of self\u2010rated stress experienced during 6 months prior to the study. The present study produced three main findings: (a) Ecstasy users with no concomitant use of cannabis displayed more self\u2010rated aggression and somatic symptoms compared with ecstasy users who were smoking cannabis on a monthly or weekly basis. (b) Ecstasy users who reported heavy cannabis use in the past displayed higher paranoid symptoms compared with ecstasy weekly and daily cannabis users. (c) Former heavy cannabis users were the most likely to complain of a variety of ecstasy related long\u2010term problems. In conclusion, moderate cannabis use may help to ameliorate or mask MDMA\u2010induced aggressivity and somatic symptoms. However, this study confirms that heavy cannabis and ecstasy use is associated with several psychobiological problems, which may emerge after a period of abstinence from both drugs. Copyright \u00a9 2005 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/hup.684","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,4,7]],"date-time":"2005-04-07T14:37:38Z","timestamp":1112884658000},"page":"249-261","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Pattern of cannabis use in ecstasy polydrug users: moderate cannabis use may compensate for self\u2010rated aggression and somatic symptoms"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"R. M.","family":"Milani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A. 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