{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T19:03:25Z","timestamp":1790190205743,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,5,23]],"date-time":"2005-05-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1116806400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Human Psychopharmacology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Following night\u2010time sleep restriction, afternoon driving performance during the bi\u2010circadian surge in afternoon sleepiness is markedly worsened by blood alcohol concentrations (BACs) well under most national driving limits. This study assessed how driving with this same sleep restriction and BACs (av 40\u2009mg and 28\u2009mg alcohol\/100\u2009ml blood at the beginning and end of drive, respectively) respond during the evening circadian rise in alertness. In a 2\u2009\u00d7\u20092 (alcohol versus control drink [double blind]\u2009\u00d7\u2009normal night sleep versus sleep restricted), repeated\u2010measures design, eight healthy young men drove for 2\u2009h from 18:00\u2009h, in a real\u2010car simulator, on a monotonous, simulated highway. Driving impairment (lane drifting), subjective sleepiness and EEG measures of sleepiness were recorded. While sleep restriction alone produced significant impairments to evening driving and subjective sleepiness, alcohol alone did not. However, alcohol combined with sleep restriction significantly worsened all indices, although, this was less than that found for afternoon driving with identical interventions. Whereas low BACs may not affect driving in normally alert drivers in the early evening, the addition of moderate sleep restriction still produces a dangerous combination. Probably, there is no \u2018safe\u2019 level of alcohol intake for otherwise sleepy drivers, at any time of the day. Copyright \u00a9 2005 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/hup.691","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,5,24]],"date-time":"2005-05-24T13:52:58Z","timestamp":1116942778000},"page":"287-290","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Early evening low alcohol intake also worsens sleepiness\u2010related driving impairment"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Pauline R.","family":"Barrett","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James A.","family":"Horne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louise A.","family":"Reyner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,5,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00207459008994241"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/27.6.1063","article-title":"Low levels of alcohol impair driving simulator performance and reduce perception of crash risk in partially sleep deprived subjects","volume":"26","author":"Banks S","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/27.6.1057"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139108964878"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.310.6979.565"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.56.5.289"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.60.9.689"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/14.6.540"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","first-page":"79","volume-title":"Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety\u2014T86","author":"Moskowitz H","year":"1986"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.322.7290.829"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","volume-title":"A Manual of Standardised Terminology, Techniques, and Scoring System for Sleep Stages of Human Subjects","author":"Rechtschaffen A","year":"1968"}],"container-title":["Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fhup.691","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/hup.691","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,17]],"date-time":"2023-11-17T01:21:49Z","timestamp":1700184109000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/hup.691"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,5,23]]},"references-count":11,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/hup.691"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hup.691","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0885-6222","1099-1077"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0885-6222","type":"print"},{"value":"1099-1077","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,5,23]]}}}