{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T05:58:50Z","timestamp":1785131930853,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781740800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781740800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Human Psychopharmacology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Neuroinflammation is increasingly recognized as a key mechanism in the pathophysiology of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). Galectin\u20101 and Galectin\u20103,\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010galactoside\u2010binding lectins involved in immune regulation and neuroprotection, may serve as biomarkers linking inflammation to cognitive dysfunction. However, no previous study has simultaneously examined serum levels of these galectins alongside detailed cognitive assessments in MDD. This study aimed to determine whether Galectin\u20101 and Galectin\u20103 are altered in MDD and to explore their association with disease severity and cognitive performance.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Forty patients with MDD and 40 matched healthy controls were assessed. Depressive and anxiety symptoms were measured using the Hamilton Depression (HAM\u2010D) and Anxiety (HAM\u2010A) Rating Scales. Cognitive performance was evaluated with the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test, Go\/No\u2010Go Test, and Stroop Test. Serum Galectin\u20101, Galectin\u20103, Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR), and C\u2010reactive protein (CRP) levels were determined.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Serum Galectin\u20101 and Galectin\u20103 levels were significantly lower in the MDD group compared to controls (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05). Galectin\u20101 levels showed a negative correlation with HAM\u2010D and HAM\u2010A scores, indicating an inverse association with symptom severity (i.e., lower Galectin\u20101 levels were associated with higher symptom severity). Patients exhibited impaired verbal learning, while no significant group differences were found in Go\/No\u2010Go or Stroop performance. Galectin levels did not correlate with any cognitive test scores.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Reduced Galectin\u20101 and Galectin\u20103 levels in MDD support their involvement in neuroinflammatory mechanisms. The inverse association between Galectin\u20101 and symptom severity suggests that Galectin\u20101 may be associated with symptom severity; however, the direction of this relationship remains unclear. The lack of associations with cognitive performance implies that cognitive deficits in MDD may be mediated by other immunometabolic pathways. These findings highlight galectins as promising but complex biomarkers, warranting further investigation in larger and longitudinal studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/hup.70052","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T03:46:14Z","timestamp":1781840774000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Serum Galectin\u20101 and Galectin\u20103 Levels and Their Relationship With Executive Functions and Memory in Patients With Major Depressive Disorder"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-8479-6889","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"B\u00fc\u015fra Sultan","family":"Sevindik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Erciyes University Faculty of Medicine  Kayseri 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