{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T04:51:20Z","timestamp":1791175880189,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791072000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791072000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Human Psychopharmacology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Caffeine is consumed for its presumed cognitive benefits, yet controlled studies have repeatedly failed to find effects on inhibitory control. Cross\u2010sectional work suggests that people with elevated attention\u2010deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms may benefit from chronic, moderate caffeine consumption, but whether acute intake improves cognition in proportion to symptom severity has not been tested experimentally.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We tested whether 250\u00a0mg of caffeine improves active inhibition (withholding a prepared response) and reactive inhibition (resolving response conflict), and whether ADHD symptom severity moderates these effects.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In a preregistered, randomised, double\u2010blind, placebo\u2010controlled crossover trial, a nonclinical sample of 36 young adults received 250\u00a0mg of caffeine or placebo in counterbalanced order, with testing 45\u00a0min after ingestion. Active inhibition was assessed with a Go\/No\u2010Go task (204 trials), reactive inhibition with an arrow flanker task (200 trials) and symptoms with the Adult ADHD Self\u2010Report Scale. Mixed\u2010effects models included treatment, symptom severity, their interaction and ten covariates; Bayes factors quantified evidence for the null.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Both tasks produced their benchmark effects (dz\u00a0=\u00a01.24 and 1.09) and all indices were reliable (split\u2010half\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.73\u20130.98). Caffeine affected neither commission errors (BF01\u00a0=\u00a04.98), response criterion (5.14), Go reaction time (2.83), reaction time variability (4.35), flanker reaction time (5.49) nor flanker accuracy (5.09). ADHD symptoms moderated no effect (15 preregistered tests; smallest\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.514), yet predicted performance itself (flanker accuracy\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a0\u22120.42), indicating that the null is not due to an insensitive measure.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Caffeine produced no acute benefit for either form of inhibition, and ADHD symptoms did not moderate its effects. Bayes factors supported the absence rather than the nondetection of these effects, arguing against an acute improvement of inhibitory control that scales with ADHD symptom severity in nonclinical young adults. Whether this also holds for chronic consumption or for adults with diagnosed ADHD remains to be tested.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/hup.70067","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T04:01:45Z","timestamp":1791172905000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Acute Caffeine Intake Does Not Modulate Active or Reactive Inhibition in Non\u2010Clinical Young Adults, and ADHD Symptoms Do Not Moderate Its Effects"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8168-2792","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmet","family":"Alt\u0131nok","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Groningen  Groningen the Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Psychology Pamukkale University  Denizli 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