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We examined 83 PD patients submitted to a 35% CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>test and to an oral caffeine (480\u2009mg) intake within 1 week interval. A panic attack was induced in 51 (61.4%) patients during the CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>test (<jats:italic>\u03c7<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u200931.67, df\u2009=\u20091,<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and in 38 (45.8%) patients during the caffeine test (<jats:italic>\u03c7<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u200918.28, df\u2009=\u20091,<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.023). All patients who had a panic attack during the caffeine test also had a panic attack during the CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>test (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200938)\u2014responsive group. The responsive had more (<jats:italic>\u03c7<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u200924.55, df\u2009=\u20091,<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.008) respiratory PD subtype, disorder started earlier (Mann\u2010Whitney,<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) had a higher familial prevalence of PD (<jats:italic>\u03c7<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u200920.34, df\u2009=\u20091,<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.019), less previous alcohol abuse (<jats:italic>\u03c7<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u200923.42, df\u2009=\u20091,<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), and had more previous depressive episodes (\u03c7<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u200927.35, df\u2009=\u20091,<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Our data suggest that there is an association between respiratory PD subtype and hyperreactivity to challenge tests: CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>and oral caffeine. Copyright \u00a9 2007 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/hup.840","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,4,4]],"date-time":"2007-04-04T10:05:33Z","timestamp":1175681133000},"page":"231-240","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Caffeine and 35% carbon dioxide challenge tests in panic disorder"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Antonio E.","family":"Nardi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexandre M.","family":"Valen\u00e7a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fabiana L.","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Valfrido L.","family":"de\u2010Melo\u2010Neto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rafael 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