{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T00:57:41Z","timestamp":1776128261320,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,31]],"date-time":"2023-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675123200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ibrain"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Despite decades of repeated and intense research, the etiology of sudden Alzheimer's disease (AD) symptoms is still unclear. AD progressive pathology mainly involves neuron damage, depositions of amyloid\u2010beta (A\u03b2), and hyperphosphorylated tau protein. All these defects are manifested by exaggerated cytokine storm and neuroinflammation leading to irreversible brain damage in the long term. Despite the numerous risks and drawbacks associated with AD, it is believed that there is a hidden unknown causative and predisposing factors for AD. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small vesicles released by cells as a type of intercellular communication. Several pieces of evidence support the inclusion of viral components within EVs facilitating their penetration into the blood\u2013brain barrier leading to neuroinflammation. In light of the SARS\u2010CoV\u201019 pandemic and its related neurological complications, it is mandatory to highlight the possibility and viability of viral infections such as varicella\u2010zoster virus (VZV) and herpes simplex virus (HSV) on the onset of AD. Herein, the author is investigating the potential role of VZV and HSV along with highlighting the suggested route of pathogenesis entry resulting in AD manifestations. Additionally, this review aims to summarize the role of EVs in mediating the central nervous system viral infections leading to AD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ibra.12090","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,31]],"date-time":"2023-01-31T14:49:22Z","timestamp":1675176562000},"page":"63-71","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["The emerging mechanism behind viral infections and extracellular vesicles hypotheses leading to neuroinflammation and Alzheimer's disease pathology"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1991-2945","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mai M.","family":"Anwar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry National Organization for Drug Control and Research (NODCAR)\/Egyptian Drug Authority (EDA)  Cairo Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2018.00324"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-022-01637-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-019-0333-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X15666170313122937"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_6_1","first-page":"16","article-title":"Assessing the role of primary healthy microglia and gap junction blocker in hindering Alzheimer's disease neuroinflammatory type: early approaches for therapeutic intervention","author":"Anwar MM","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ensci.2020.100290"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15321819.2020.1865400"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0317167100044115"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-160152"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)70016-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.9b00333"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-25855-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.593170"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2022.1041461"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_14_16_1","first-page":"S647","article-title":"The cross\u2010talk between microglia\u2010derived exosomes and brain printing biometrics as a diagnostic approach for Parkinson's disease prior to motor symptoms implications [abstract]","volume":"37","author":"Anwar M","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mov Disorders"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11070809"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1040841X.2019.1660615"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2021.11.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn.2016.140"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-018-9821-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/ADR-170017"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.181.9.6417"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5858\/2001-125-0770-VZVIOT"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000150535"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.7153.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1654(199709)7:3<131::AID-RMV198>3.0.CO;2-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2990.2011.01167.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-220287"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-019-00995-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2006.08.046"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-013-7057-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004150050078"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000001103"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1004092"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.658695"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2022.102200"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9060679"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genrep.2021.101323"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_14_40_1","first-page":"17","article-title":"Regulation of miRNA\u2010124, nuclear factor\u2010kappa B and \u03b2\u2010catenin expression in response to novel therapeutic protocol in LPS induced Alzheimer's disease in rats","volume":"7","author":"Anwar MM","year":"2018","journal-title":"Res Neurosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_14_41_1","first-page":"38","article-title":"The neuro engraftment and neuroregenerative effects of hydrogen sulphide donor, intracerebral MSCs, ginko biloba and Kefir in attenuating neuropathological hallmarks of lipopolysaccharide induced Alzheimer's disease rat models","volume":"2","author":"Anwar MM","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Aging Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibror.2019.07.1547"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.15372"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep15444"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01874-19"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-019-00580-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2681-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/17590914211053505"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-016-0504-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.20271"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/path.2449"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0003637"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0029480"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aay8828"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11070809"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13550280152403254"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00430-012-0247-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.20045"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2007.09.077"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2018.00048"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700009053"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2990.1990.tb01158.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1711670403"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3402\/jom.v5i0.22766"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_65_1","article-title":"SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 and HSV\u20101 induce amyloid aggregation in human CSF","author":"Christ W","year":"2022","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2014.04.522"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8070727"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2021.695899"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0147-18.2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0603838103"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-016-0143-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.324616"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.12112"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8090968"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02723"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/nmt-2022-0010"}],"container-title":["Ibrain"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ibra.12090","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/ibra.12090","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ibra.12090","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,15]],"date-time":"2023-12-15T20:56:36Z","timestamp":1702673796000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ibra.12090"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,31]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ibra.12090"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ibra.12090","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2313-1934","2769-2795"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2313-1934","type":"print"},{"value":"2769-2795","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,31]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-10-28","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-01-14","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-01-31","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}