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These biopolymers, when derived from natural sources, possess inherent immunomodulatory properties, which can be leveraged to regulate immune activity, positioning them as promising candidates for both prophylactic and therapeutic strategies. Furthermore, when integrated with other materials, polysaccharides form nanocomposites with enhanced structural, physicochemical, and biological properties, making them highly versatile platforms for drug delivery in the central nervous system. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of polysaccharide\u2010based nanoparticles, focusing on their application in the treatment of three major neurodegenerative diseases: Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and multiple sclerosis. Emphasis is placed on optimizing these nanomaterials for targeted drug delivery and immune modulation, underscoring their potential to improve therapeutic outcomes in neurodegenerative disorders. The review also examines the structural, chemical, and biological characteristics of key polysaccharides, and explores their innovative roles in combating neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ibra.12199","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,12]],"date-time":"2025-05-12T23:49:51Z","timestamp":1747093791000},"page":"277-296","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Immunomodulatory natural polysaccharide\u2010based nanoparticles for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Leto\u2010Aikaterini","family":"Tziveleka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Pharmacognosy and Chemistry of Natural Products, Department of Pharmacy National &amp; Kapodistrian University of Athens Athens 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