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SAMs link the pre\u2010 and post\u2010synaptic compartments and assist in inter\u2010synaptic signaling and recognition. An increasing variety of SAMs, including neurexins and neuroligins, immunoglobulin (Ig) domain proteins\u2010like synaptic cell adhesion molecule (SynCAM) and neural cell adhesion molecule, receptor phosphotyrosine kinases and phosphatases, as well as various leucine\u2010rich repeat proteins, have been identified. Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs), like autism, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, intellectual disabilities, and cerebral palsy, have been associated with altered SAMs. NDDs are characterized by a spectrum of challenges stemming from abnormal brain development. The etiology of these disorders involves the interaction between genes and environmental factors, such as metals. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the literature, highlighting the role of SAMs in NDDs and potential mechanisms via which neurotoxic metals may contribute to the pathogenesis of NDDs that could involve perturbations in SAMs. Understanding these interconnections will assist in identifying therapeutic targets for these disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ibra.70005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T04:21:17Z","timestamp":1762316477000},"page":"403-421","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Perturbed synaptic adhesion molecules signaling in neurodevelopmental disorders: The impact of metal neurotoxicity"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0116-1485","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Toheeb O.","family":"Oyerinde","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for 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