{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T14:24:34Z","timestamp":1785767074860,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,21]],"date-time":"2017-06-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1498003200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MH077841"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MH077841"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infant and Child Development"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p>Emotional availability (EA) characterizes a warm, close relationship between caregiver and child. We compared patterns (clusters) of EA on risk factors, including those for borderline personality disorder (BPD). We sampled 70 children aged 4 to 7\u00a0years from low socio\u2010economic backgrounds: 51% of whose mothers had BPD. We coded filmed interactions for EA: mothers' sensitivity, structuring, non\u2010intrusiveness, non\u2010hostility, and children's responsiveness to, and involvement of, mothers. We additionally coded children's <jats:italic>over<\/jats:italic>\u2010responsiveness and <jats:italic>over<\/jats:italic>\u2010involvement. Using person\u2010centred analyses, we identified four clusters: <jats:italic>high functioning<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>low functioning<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>asynchronous<\/jats:italic> (mothers above average on two of four dimensions and children below), and <jats:italic>below average<\/jats:italic>. Mothers in the low\u2010functioning cluster had lower income, less social support, more of the borderline feature of negative relationships, and more depression than did mothers in the high\u2010functioning cluster. The children in the low\u2010functioning group had more risk factors for BPD (physical abuse, neglect, and separation from, or loss of caregivers, and negative narrative representations of the mother\u2013child relationship in their stories) than did children in the high\u2010functioning group. The asynchronous group included older girls who were <jats:italic>over<\/jats:italic>\u2010responsive and <jats:italic>over<\/jats:italic>\u2010involving with their mothers in an apparent role reversal. Interventions targeting emotional availability may provide a buffer for children facing cumulative risks and help prevent psychopathology.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Highlights<\/jats:title><jats:p>\n<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>This paper investigated how mother\u2010child emotional availability (warmth and closeness) relates to risk factors for borderline personality disorder, including mother\u2010child role reversal.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>In filmed mother\u2010child interactions, low emotional availability was associated with risk for borderline personality disorder and role reversal was more likely for older girls.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Findings support the cumulative risk hypothesis and may inform interventions to improve mother\u2010child emotional availability to prevent the development of psychopathology.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/icd.2046","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,21]],"date-time":"2017-06-21T06:06:45Z","timestamp":1498025205000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Patterns of emotional availability between mothers and young children: Associations with risk factors for borderline personality disorder"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Rebecca D.","family":"Trupe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Tennessee  Knoxville TN USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1005-1376","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jenny","family":"Macfie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Tennessee  Knoxville TN USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca M.","family":"Skadberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Tennessee  Knoxville TN USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gretchen","family":"Kurdziel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Tennessee  Knoxville TN USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9781412983648"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.158.1.36"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2007.07040636"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","volume-title":"Child narrative coding system","author":"Bickham N.","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_1","unstructured":"Biringen Z.(2008).The Emotional Availability (EA) Scales Manual and Emotional Attachment & the Emotional Availability Clinical Screener (EA\u20102\u2010Clinical Screener; 4th ed.) Boulder CO. <www.emotionalavailability.com>."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dr.2014.01.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0079238"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_1","volume-title":"The Emotional Availability Scales","author":"Biringen Z.","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327078in1001_1"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_5_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1353\/mpq.2006.0024","article-title":"Emotional availability in mother\u2013child dyads: Short\u2010term stability and continuity from variable\u2010centered and person\u2010centered perspectives","volume":"52","author":"Bornstein M. H.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Merrill\u2010Palmer Quarterly"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579411000708"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_14_1","volume-title":"Attachment and loss","author":"Bowlby J.","year":"1969"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bretherton I. Oppenheim D. Buchsbaum H. Emde R. N. &the MacArthur Narrative Group. (1990).MacArthur story stem battery (MSSB): Unpublished manuscript.Boulder CO:University of Colorado.","DOI":"10.1037\/t05279-000"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.101.4.568"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579409990174"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2004.00654.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.02.030"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_20_1","volume-title":"Goodness of fit: Clinical applications for infancy through adult life","author":"Chess S.","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/9780520924086"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1129830"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/drev.1993.1021"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_24_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Developmental psychopathology, Vol 1: Theory and method","author":"Cicchetti D.","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_25_1","volume-title":"Maternal Child Maltreatment Interview","author":"Cicchetti D.","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_26_1","first-page":"191","volume-title":"Well\u2010being: Positive development across the life course","author":"Cox M. J.","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579409000546"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0015616"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.116.3.387"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579498001709"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/imhj.20057"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_32_1","first-page":"87","volume-title":"Parent\u2010infant relationships","author":"Emde R. N.","year":"1980"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-0536-9_5"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-5834.1994.tb01286.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_35_1","volume-title":"User's guide for the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM\u2010IV Axis I disorders (research version)","author":"First M. B.","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_36_1","volume-title":"Structures clinical interview for DSM\u2010IV Axis II personality disorders: SCID\u2010II","author":"First M. B.","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fonagy P. Target M. Steele H. &Steele M.(1998).Reflective\u2010functioning manual version: 5: For application to adult attachment interviews. Unpublished manuscript.London:University College London.","DOI":"10.1037\/t03490-000"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_38_1","volume-title":"Statistics methods and applications","author":"Hill T.","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-5834.1994.tb01285.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327922par0604_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579400004879"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_42_1","first-page":"588","volume-title":"Handbook of infant mental health","author":"Lieberman A. F.","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_43_1","volume-title":"Cognitive\u2010behavioral treatment of borderline personality disorder","author":"Linehan M. M.","year":"1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.693"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-8606.2008.00079.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dr.2015.01.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579409000534"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/pedi.1997.11.3.279"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_49_1","volume-title":"The psychological birth of the human infant: Symbiosis and individuation","author":"Mahler M. S.","year":"1975"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3333827"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579400005915"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/imhj.21529"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_53_1","volume-title":"Personality Assessment Inventory","author":"Morey L. C.","year":"1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_54_1","volume-title":"Mt. Hope Family Center demographic interview","author":"Mt. Hope Family Center","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579411000721"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_56_1","first-page":"59","volume-title":"Handbook of parenting: Vol. 5: Practical issues in parenting","author":"Patterson G. R.","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00898416"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327922par0401_4"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_59_1","first-page":"49","volume-title":"Primary prevention of psychopathology, Vol3: Social competence in children","author":"Rutter M.","year":"1979"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-4163-9_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00223891.2012.681817"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_62_1","first-page":"187","volume-title":"Parenting and the child's world: Influences on academic, intellectual, and social\u2010emotional development","author":"Sroufe L. A.","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1129832"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00223890709336838"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327922PAR0104_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S095457940200411X"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.7.1.33"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_68_1","unstructured":"Trupe R. D.(2010).Effect of maternal borderline personality disorder on emotional availability in mother\u2013child interactions. (Master's thesis) University of Tennessee Knoxville TN."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579403000294"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70145-3"}],"container-title":["Infant and Child Development"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Ficd.2046","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/icd.2046","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,26]],"date-time":"2023-09-26T04:31:59Z","timestamp":1695702719000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/icd.2046"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,21]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/icd.2046"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/icd.2046","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1522-7227","1522-7219"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1522-7227","type":"print"},{"value":"1522-7219","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2016-06-22","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2017-05-17","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2017-06-21","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e2046"}}