{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T17:13:39Z","timestamp":1782407619428,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,30]],"date-time":"2023-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675036800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004428","name":"Charles Stewart Mott Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["G\u20102017\u201000786"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G\u20102017\u201000786"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004428","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5 U10 HD027040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5 U10 HD027040"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infant and Child Development"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Prior theoretical and empirical studies have linked the first 3\u2009years of children's life with later life outcomes. One primary explanation is the critical role these experiences play in children's early brain development (including their early language and cognitive abilities) and subsequent schooling achievement. The current study is a registered report with two complementary research objectives: (1) examine to what extent stimulating and responsive interactions with mothers and nonparental caregivers during the first 3\u2009years of life show additive or synergistic associations with key socioeconomic outcomes in adulthood (i.e., educational attainment, salary, and employment status), and (2) examine to what extent academic skills (i.e., mathematics, vocabulary, and literacy) during childhood and adolescence mediate these associations. The sample included 1364 individuals from a birth cohort study who were followed until age 26. Mother\u2013child interactions had positive associations with educational attainment and negative associations with full\u2010time employment, though no synergistic associations were found for the socioeconomic outcomes. In addition, the indirect effects of mother\u2013child interactions on educational attainment through mathematics were strongest for children with less stimulating and responsive caregiver\u2013child interactions. Potential implications of these findings for developmental theory are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/icd.2406","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,31]],"date-time":"2023-01-31T00:29:52Z","timestamp":1675124992000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Additive and synergistic relations of early mother\u2013child and caregiver\u2013child interactions and socioeconomic outcomes in adulthood"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6900-0322","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert J.","family":"Duncan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Development and Family Science Purdue University  West Lafayette Indiana USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Inga","family":"Nordgren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Development and Family Science Purdue University  West Lafayette Indiana USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6427-2588","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara A.","family":"Schmitt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Special Education and Clinical Sciences University of Oregon  Eugene Oregon USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deborah Lowe","family":"Vandell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Education University of California  Irvine California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","volume-title":"Parenting stress index manual","author":"Abidin R. 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