{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,8]],"date-time":"2025-01-08T05:40:13Z","timestamp":1736314813195,"version":"3.32.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,1]],"date-time":"2014-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1396310400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Mercury (Hg) has been entering the environment from both natural and anthropogenic sources for millennia, and humans have been influencing its environmental transport and fate from well before the Industrial Revolution. Exposure to Hg (as neurotoxic monomethylmercury [MeHg]) occurs primarily through consumption of finfish, shellfish, and marine mammals, and regulatory limits for MeHg concentrations in fish tissue have steadily decreased as information on its health impacts has become available. These facts prompted us to consider 2 questions: 1) What might the MeHg levels in fish tissue have been in the pre-Anthropocene, before significant human impacts on the environment? and 2) How would these pre-Anthropocene levels have compared with current regulatory criteria for MeHg residues in fish tissue? We addressed the first question by estimating pre-Anthropocene concentrations of MeHg in the tissues of prey and predatory fish with an integrated Hg speciation, transport, fate, and food web model (SERAFM), using estimated Hg concentrations in soil, sediment, and atmospheric deposition before the onset of significant human activity (i.e., \u22642000 BCE). Model results show MeHg residues in fish varying depending on the characteristics of the modeled water body, which suggests that Hg in fish tissue is best considered at the scale of individual watersheds or water bodies. We addressed the second question by comparing these model estimates with current regulatory criteria and found that MeHg residues in predatory (but not prey) fish could have approached or exceeded these criteria in some water bodies during the pre-Anthropocene. This suggests that the possibility of naturally occurring levels of Hg in fish below which it is not possible to descend, regardless of where those levels stand with respect to current regulatory limits. Risk management decisions made under these circumstances have the potential to be ineffectual, frustrating, and costly for decision makers and stakeholders alike, suggesting the need for regulatory flexibility when addressing the issue of Hg in fish. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2014;10:299\u2013308. \u00a9 2013 SETAC<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Key Points<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Mercury has been entering the environment from natural sources for millennia but regulatory limits for mercury in fish have declined steadily since the 1960s. Because mercury is naturally occurring, is there a level of mercury in fish below which it is not possible to descend, regardless of regulatory imperatives? Modeling suggests that mercury levels in fish preferred by humans could have exceeded current regulatory limits in prehistoric times due solely to naturally occurring mercury. Attempts to manage mercury to below natural levels may thus be ineffectual, frustrating, and costly for both the regulated community and regulators, which suggests the need for watershed-specific regulatory flexibility when addressing mercury in fish.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ieam.1500","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,29]],"date-time":"2013-10-29T09:22:40Z","timestamp":1383038560000},"page":"299-308","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Pre-anthropocene mercury residues in North American freshwater fish"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Bruce K","family":"Hope","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CH2M HILL, Portland, Oregon, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeff","family":"Louch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Council for Air and Stream Improvement (West), Corvallis, Oregon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025010717592347700_ieam1500-bib-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/gbc.20040","article-title":"Legacy impacts of all-time anthropogenic emissions on the global mercury cycle","volume":"27","author":"Amos","year":"2013","journal-title":"Global Biogeochem Cycles"},{"key":"2025010717592347700_ieam1500-bib-0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2094","DOI":"10.1897\/04-284R.1","article-title":"Approaches for linking whole-body fish tissue residues of mercury or DDT to biological effects thresholds","volume":"24","author":"Beckvar","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol Chem"},{"key":"2025010717592347700_ieam1500-bib-0003","first-page":"262","volume-title":"Biogeochemistry of environmentally important trace elements","author":"Benoit","year":"2003"},{"key":"2025010717592347700_ieam1500-bib-0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4851","DOI":"10.1021\/es0704232","article-title":"Modeling the past atmospheric deposition of mercury using natural archives","volume":"41","author":"Biester","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"2025010717592347700_ieam1500-bib-0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1021\/es020065x","article-title":"Estimating the natural background atmospheric deposition rate of mercury utilizing ombrotrophic bogs in Southern Sweden","volume":"37","author":"Bindler","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"2025010717592347700_ieam1500-bib-0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1579\/0044-7447-33.6.328","article-title":"Impact of land use and physicochemical settings on aqueous methylmercury levels in the Mobile-Alabama river system","volume":"33","author":"Bonzongo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ambio"},{"key":"2025010717592347700_ieam1500-bib-0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2012.08.008","article-title":"Intra- and inter-basin mercury comparisons: Importance of basin scale and time-weighted methylmercury estimates","volume":"172","author":"Bradley","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ Poll"},{"key":"2025010717592347700_ieam1500-bib-0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2720","DOI":"10.1021\/es802694n","article-title":"Mercury cycling in stream ecosystems. 1. 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