{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T18:57:54Z","timestamp":1767985074054,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,1]],"date-time":"2014-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1393632000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,29]],"date-time":"2014-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1401321600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":89,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004814","name":"California State Water Resources Control Board","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["10-102-27"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10-102-27"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004814","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004814","name":"State Water Resources Control Board","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004814","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["setac.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Pesticides are applied to state and local waterways in California to control insects such as mosquitoes, which are known to serve as a vector for West Nile Virus infection of humans. The California State Water Resources Control Board adopted a National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System General Permit to address the discharge to waters of the United States of pesticides resulting from adult and larval mosquito control. Because pesticides used in spray activities have the potential to cause toxicity to nontarget organisms in receiving waters, the current study was designed to determine whether toxicity testing provides additional, useful environmental risk information beyond chemical analysis in monitoring spray pesticide applications. Monitoring included a combination of aquatic toxicity tests and chemical analyses of receiving waters from agricultural, urban, and wetland habitats. The active ingredients monitored included the organophosphate pesticides malathion and naled, the pyrethroid pesticides etofenprox, permethrin, and sumithrin, pyrethrins, and piperonyl butoxide (PBO). Approximately 15% of the postapplication water samples were significantly toxic. Toxicity of half of these samples was attributed to the naled breakdown product dichlorvos. Toxicity of 2 other water samples likely occurred when PBO synergized the effects of pyrethroid pesticides that were likely present in the receiving system. Four of 43 postapplication sediment samples were significantly more toxic than their corresponding pre-application samples, but none of the observed toxicity was attributed to the application events. These results indicate that many of the spray pesticides used for adult mosquito control do not pose significant acute toxicity risk to invertebrates in receiving systems. In the case of naled in water, analysis of only the active ingredient underestimated potential impacts to the receiving system, because toxicity was attributed to the breakdown product, dichlorvos. Toxicity testing can provide useful risk information about unidentified, unmeasured toxicants or mixtures of toxicants. In this case, toxicity testing provided information that could lead to the inclusion of dichlorvos monitoring as a permit requirement. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2014;10:449\u2013455. \u00a9 2014 SETAC<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Key Points<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Toxicity testing identified the potential impacts of the active ingredient breakdown products of pesticides used for mosquito control. This study demonstrated that monitoring for a single active ingredient does not provide a complete picture of potential impacts to receiving systems. Toxicity testing is a tool that integrates effects of the active ingredient and its degradates, formulation components, and any chemical stressors that may already be present in the receiving system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ieam.1534","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,21]],"date-time":"2014-03-21T10:28:42Z","timestamp":1395397722000},"page":"449-455","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Monitoring the aquatic toxicity of mosquito vector control spray pesticides to freshwater receiving waters"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Bryn M","family":"Phillips","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, Davis, Department of Environmental Toxicology, Monterey, California, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brian S","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer P","family":"Voorhees","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katie","family":"Siegler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Debra","family":"Denton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Environmental Protection Agency, Sacramento, California, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patti","family":"TenBrook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Larsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California State Water Resources Control Board, Sacramento, California, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Philip","family":"Isorena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ron S","family":"Tjeerdema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025010717582375100_ieam1534-bib-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1700","DOI":"10.1021\/es051407c","article-title":"Pyrethroid insecticides and sediment toxicity in urban creeks from California and Tennessee","volume":"40","author":"Amweg","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"2025010717582375100_ieam1534-bib-0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2005.08.056","article-title":"Identifying primary stressors impacting macroinvertebrates in the Salinas River (California, USA): Relative effects of pesticides and suspended particles","volume":"141","author":"Anderson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"key":"2025010717582375100_ieam1534-bib-0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/0147-6513(91)90065-W","article-title":"Piperonyl butoxide as a tool in aquatic toxicological research with organophosphate insecticides","volume":"21","author":"Ankley","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Safety"},{"key":"2025010717582375100_ieam1534-bib-0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2915.2011.00992.x","article-title":"Ultra-low-volume space sprays in mosquito control: A critical review","volume":"26","author":"Bonds","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med Vet Entomol"},{"key":"2025010717582375100_ieam1534-bib-0005","first-page":"144","author":"[CVRWQCB] Central Valley Regional Water Quality Control Board","year":"2011"},{"key":"2025010717582375100_ieam1534-bib-0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1002\/ieam.5630030308","article-title":"An ecological risk assessment for insecticides used in adult mosquito management","volume":"3","author":"Davis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Integr Environ Assess Manag"},{"key":"2025010717582375100_ieam1534-bib-0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/60.5.1228","article-title":"Use of Daphnia magna for the microbioassay of pesticides. 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