{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T09:13:04Z","timestamp":1778749984488,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,6]],"date-time":"2019-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1549411200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,4]],"date-time":"2019-04-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1554336000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":57,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["setac.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>\u2003<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This study evaluated potential effects of mercury (Hg) on benthic macroinvertebrates in the South River, Virginia, USA. The study used a multiple lines of evidence approach, including spatially and temporally matched sediment chemistry, biological, and toxicological information (Sediment Quality Triad), exposure and effect analysis in bulk and interstitial sediment and interstitial water, and critical body residue analysis. Ten-day Chironomus dilutus and Hyalella azteca toxicity tests established site-specific no-effect concentrations (NOEC) at 18.9\u2009\u03bcg\/g total Hg (THg) and 102\u2009ng\/g methylmercury (MeHg). However, the benthic community at these locations was impaired, with lower mayfly and caddisfly composition. Few locations had concentrations of THg and MeHg that exceeded the NOEC in bulk or interstitial sediment. The THg concentrations in interstitial water were far below concentrations expected to reduce survival in benthic invertebrates, and only a low percentage of samples exceeded sublethal (growth) low-effect concentrations (LOEC) for THg or MeHg. The THg concentrations in invertebrate tissue did not exceed the NOEC or LOEC in the South River, and MeHg concentrations exceeded the LOEC at all locations, including those with no evidence of benthic impairment, illustrating the uncertainty associated with this line of evidence. Finally, statistical modeling that evaluated diversity of sensitive invertebrate species as a function of Hg exposure, geomorphological parameters, and physicochemical variables indicated that physicochemical and geomorphological parameters were most predictive of benthic community; where Hg was indicated, we were unable to distinguish between models with or without interstitial water Hg. Overall, the lines of evidence indicate that Hg, while clearly toxic to invertebrates at sufficiently high exposure concentrations, is not negatively impacting invertebrate communities in the South River. This study illustrates the difficulty of assessing risks to invertebrates using traditional tools of risk assessment and identifies critical gaps in knowledge that complicate the management of Hg risk. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2019;00:000\u2013000. \u00a9 2019 SETAC<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ieam.4133","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,6]],"date-time":"2019-02-06T12:58:15Z","timestamp":1549457895000},"page":"374-384","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Assessment of potential mercury toxicity to native invertebrates in a high-gradient stream"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"JR","family":"Flanders","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"AECOM Conshohocken Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gary","family":"Long","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EHS Support Collegeville Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bill","family":"Reese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AECOM Conshohocken Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nancy R","family":"Grosso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DuPont Corporate Remediation Group Wilmington Delaware USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Clements","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Fish Wildlife and Conservation Biology Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"suffix":"Jr","given":"Ralph G","family":"Stahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DuPont Corporate Remediation Group Wilmington Delaware USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025010717330913400_ieam4133-bib-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1007\/s00244-010-9482-9","article-title":"Effects of Hg on growth, emergence, and behavior of Chironomus riparius Meigen (Diptera: Chironomidae)","volume":"59","author":"Azevedo-Pereira","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch Environ Contam Toxicol"},{"key":"2025010717330913400_ieam4133-bib-0002","volume-title":"Rapid bioassessment protocols for use in streams and wadeable rivers: Periphyton, benthic macroinvertebrates and fish","author":"Barbour","year":"1999","edition":"2nd ed"},{"key":"2025010717330913400_ieam4133-bib-0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3781","DOI":"10.1021\/es104210a","article-title":"Interactive effects of maternal and dietary mercury exposure have latent and lethal consequences for amphibian larvae","volume":"45","author":"Bergeron","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"2025010717330913400_ieam4133-bib-0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01059166","article-title":"Chronic effects of inorganic and organic mercury on Daphnia magna: Toxicity, accumulation, and loss","volume":"11","author":"Biesinger","year":"1982","journal-title":"Arch Environ Contam Toxicol"},{"key":"2025010717330913400_ieam4133-bib-0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/s10646-007-0163-z","article-title":"Effects of mercury exposure on the reproductive success of tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor)","volume":"17","author":"Brasso","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ecotoxicology"},{"key":"2025010717330913400_ieam4133-bib-0006","first-page":"428","volume-title":"Sampling surface and subsurface particle-size distributions in wadable gravel- and- cobble-bed streams for analyses in sediment transport, hydraulics, and streambed monitoring","author":"Bunte","year":"2001"},{"key":"2025010717330913400_ieam4133-bib-0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-2917-7","volume-title":"Model selection and inference: A practical information-theoretic approach","author":"Burnham","year":"1998"},{"key":"2025010717330913400_ieam4133-bib-0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1126\/science.198.4321.1015","article-title":"Chemical plants leave unexpected legacy for two Virginia rivers","volume":"198","author":"Carter","year":"1977","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2025010717330913400_ieam4133-bib-0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.3354\/meps037075","article-title":"Synoptic measures of sediment contamination, toxicity, and infaunal community composition (the Sediment Quality Triad) in San Francisco Bay","volume":"37","author":"Chapman","year":"1987","journal-title":"Mar Ecol Prog Ser"},{"key":"2025010717330913400_ieam4133-bib-0010","first-page":"455","article-title":"Chronic toxicity of Hg (HgCl2) to the benthic midge Chironomus riparius","volume":"3","author":"Chibunda","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res"},{"key":"2025010717330913400_ieam4133-bib-0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1890\/03-5009","article-title":"Small-scale experiments support causal relationships between metal contamination and invertebrate community responses","volume":"14","author":"Clements","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ecol Appl"},{"key":"2025010717330913400_ieam4133-bib-0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1890\/1051-0761(2000)010[0626:HMSBCI]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Heavy metals structure benthic communities in Colorado mountain streams","volume":"10","author":"Clements","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ecol Appl"},{"key":"2025010717330913400_ieam4133-bib-0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.2769","article-title":"Critical review of Hg sediment quality values for the protection of benthic invertebrates","volume":"34","author":"Conder","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol Chem"},{"issue":"5874","key":"2025010717330913400_ieam4133-bib-0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1154082","article-title":"The movement of aquatic Hg through terrestrial food webs","volume":"320","author":"Cristol","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2025010717330913400_ieam4133-bib-0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1756","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeochem.2010.09.004","article-title":"Distribution, behavior, and transport of inorganic and methylmercury in a high gradient stream","volume":"25","author":"Flanders","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl Geochem"},{"key":"2025010717330913400_ieam4133-bib-0016","first-page":"11303","article-title":"Encaged Chironomus riparius larvae is assessment of trace metal bioavailability and transfer in a landfill leachate collection pond","volume":"12","author":"Gimbert","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res"},{"key":"2025010717330913400_ieam4133-bib-0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2441","DOI":"10.1021\/es304370g","article-title":"Mechanisms regulating mercury bioavailability for methylating microorganisms in the aquatic environment: A critical review","volume":"47","author":"Hsu-Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025010717330913400_ieam4133-bib-0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s13530-017-0302-8","article-title":"Acute toxicity and antioxidant responses in the water flea Daphnia magna to xenobiotics (cadmium, lead, mercury, bisphenol A, and 4-nonylphenol)","volume":"9","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Toxicol Environ Health Sci"},{"key":"2025010717330913400_ieam4133-bib-0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/0025-326X(85)90290-5","article-title":"A sediment quality triad: Measures of sediment contamination, toxicity and infaunal community composition in Puget Sound","volume":"10","author":"Long","year":"1985","journal-title":"Mar Pollut Bull"},{"key":"2025010717330913400_ieam4133-bib-0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1718","DOI":"10.1021\/es00046a001","article-title":"Enhancing ecotoxicological modeling and assessment. Body residues and modes of toxic action","volume":"27","author":"McCarty","year":"1993","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"2025010717330913400_ieam4133-bib-0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1002\/ieam.132","article-title":"A review of the tissue residue approach for organic and organometallic compounds in aquatic organisms","volume":"7","author":"McElroy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Integr Environ Assess Manag"},{"key":"2025010717330913400_ieam4133-bib-0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1139\/f00-043","article-title":"Bioavailability of sediment-associated mercury to Hexagenia mayflies in a contaminated floodplain river","volume":"57","author":"Naimo","year":"2000","journal-title":"Can J Fish Aquat Sci"},{"key":"2025010717330913400_ieam4133-bib-0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1002\/ieam.1502","article-title":"Passive sampling methods for contaminated sediments: State of the science for metals","volume":"10","author":"Peijnenburg","year":"2014","journal-title":"Integr Environ Assess Manag"},{"key":"2025010717330913400_ieam4133-bib-0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2011.08.001","article-title":"Metal toxicity, uptake and bioaccumulation in aquatic invertebrates\u2014Modelling zinc in crustaceans","volume":"105","author":"Rainbow","year":"2011","journal-title":"Aquat Toxicol"},{"key":"2025010717330913400_ieam4133-bib-0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2012.05.001","article-title":"Subcellular metal partitioning in larvae of the insect Chaoborus collected along an environmental metal exposure gradient (Cd, Cu, Ni and Zn)","volume":"120","author":"Rosabal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aquat Toxicol"},{"key":"2025010717330913400_ieam4133-bib-0026","first-page":"488","volume-title":"Freshwater biomonitoring and benthic invertebrates","author":"Rosenberg","year":"1993"},{"key":"2025010717330913400_ieam4133-bib-0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1016\/0043-1354(93)90068-S","article-title":"Mercury accumulation in the burrowing mayfly Hexagenia rigida (ephemeroptera) exposed to CH3HgCl or HgCl2 in water and sediment","volume":"27","author":"Saouter","year":"1993","journal-title":"Water Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025010717330913400_ieam4133-bib-0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1002\/esp.1926","article-title":"The distribution and residence time of suspended sediment stored within the channel margins of a gravel-bed bedrock river","volume":"35","author":"Skalak","year":"2010","journal-title":"Earth Surf Processes Landforms"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025010717330913400_ieam4133-bib-0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1080\/10807039.2014.844053","article-title":"Applying a watershed-level, risk-based approach to addressing legacy hg contamination in the South River, Virginia: Planning and problem formulation","volume":"20","author":"Stahl","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum Ecol Risk Assess"},{"key":"2025010717330913400_ieam4133-bib-0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01189749","article-title":"Impacts of Hg on benthic invertebrate populations and communities within the aquatic ecosystem of Clear Lake, California","volume":"80","author":"Suchanek","year":"1995","journal-title":"Water Air Soil Pollut"},{"key":"2025010717330913400_ieam4133-bib-0031","year":"2012"},{"key":"2025010717330913400_ieam4133-bib-0032","year":"2005"},{"key":"2025010717330913400_ieam4133-bib-0033","year":"2000"},{"key":"2025010717330913400_ieam4133-bib-0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1242","DOI":"10.1897\/04-261R.1","article-title":"Acute and chronic toxicity of Hg to early life stages of the rainbow mussel, Villosa iris (Bivalvia: Unionidae)","volume":"24","author":"Valenti","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol Chem"}],"container-title":["Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ieam.4133","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/ieam.4133","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ieam\/article-pdf\/15\/3\/374\/59415311\/ieam4133.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ieam\/article-pdf\/15\/3\/374\/59415311\/ieam4133.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]],"date-time":"2025-01-07T18:18:44Z","timestamp":1736273924000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ieam\/article\/15\/3\/374\/7731959"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,6]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,6]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ieam.4133","relation":{},"ISSN":["1551-3777","1551-3793"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1551-3777","type":"print"},{"value":"1551-3793","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2018-08-10","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-01-30","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-04-04","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}