{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T07:15:00Z","timestamp":1790838900871,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]],"date-time":"2021-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617235200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,20]],"date-time":"2021-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621468800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":49,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["setac.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Several epidemiological studies have suggested a link between air pollution and respiratory tract infections. The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) poses a great threat to public health worldwide. However, some parts of the globe have been worse affected in terms of prevalence and deaths than others. The causes and conditions of such variations have yet to be explored. Although some studies indicated a possible correlation between air pollution and COVID-19 severity, there is yet insufficient data for a meaningful answer. This review summarizes the impact of air pollution on COVID-19 infections and severity and discusses the possible management strategies and challenges involved. The available literature investigating the correlation between air pollution and COVID-19 infections and mortality are included in the review. The studies reviewed here suggest that exposure to air pollution, particularly to PM2.5 and NO2, is positively correlated with COVID-19 infections and mortality. Some data indicate that air pollution can play an important role in the airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2. A high percentage of COVID-19 incidences has been reported in the most polluted areas, where patients needed hospital admission. The available data also show\u00a0that both short-term and long-term air pollution may enhance COVID-19 severity. However, most of the studies that showed a link between air pollution and COVID-19 infections and mortality did not consider potential confounders during the correlation analysis. Therefore, more specific studies need to be performed focusing on some additional confounders such as individual age, population density, and pre-existing comorbidities to determine the impact of air pollution on COVID-19 infections and deaths. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2021;17:1114\u20131122. \u00a9 2021 SETAC<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>KEY POINTS<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>COVID-19 infections and mortality are more frequent in highly air polluted areas. PM2.5 and NO2 are more closely correlated with COVID-19 infections and mortality than other air pollutants. Air pollution can play an important role in the airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2. More specific studies are needed focusing on additional confounders in exploring the interactions between air pollution and SARS-CoV-2 and their adverse effects on human health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ieam.4435","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,29]],"date-time":"2021-04-29T10:16:46Z","timestamp":1619691406000},"page":"1114-1122","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Exposure to air pollution and COVID-19 severity: A review of current insights, management, and challenges"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1649-0887","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nurshad","family":"Ali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khandaker A.","family":"Fariha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farjana","family":"Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moshiul A.","family":"Mishu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nayan C.","family":"Mohanto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad J.","family":"Hosen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khaled","family":"Hossain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"2025010717225666600_ieam4435-bib-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4047","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17114047","article-title":"Short-term effects of ambient ozone, PM2.5, and meteorological factors on COVID-19 confirmed cases and deaths in Queens, New York","volume":"17","author":"Adhikari","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025010717225666600_ieam4435-bib-0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2409","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.26097","article-title":"Elevated level of C-reactive protein may be an early marker to predict risk for severity of COVID-19","volume":"92","author":"Ali","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Virology"},{"issue":"10","key":"2025010717225666600_ieam4435-bib-0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.06.021","article-title":"Role of vitamin D in preventing of COVID-19 infection, progression and severity","volume":"13","author":"Ali","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Infection and Public Health"},{"key":"2025010717225666600_ieam4435-bib-0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2020.00458","article-title":"Relationship between COVID-19 infection and liver injury: A review of recent data","volume":"7","author":"Ali","year":"2020","journal-title":"Frontiers in Medicine"},{"issue":"10","key":"2025010717225666600_ieam4435-bib-0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1080\/17474124.2020.1794812","article-title":"Liver injury in severe COVID-19 infection: Current insights and challenges","volume":"14","author":"Ali","year":"2020","journal-title":"Expert Review of Gastroenterology & Hepatology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025010717225666600_ieam4435-bib-0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6640","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-86216-z","article-title":"Assessment of the relationship of serum liver enzymes activity with general and abdominal obesity in an urban Bangladeshi population","volume":"11","author":"Ali","year":"2021","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"2025010717225666600_ieam4435-bib-0007","author":"Andree","year":"2020"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025010717225666600_ieam4435-bib-0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000000847","article-title":"Long-term concentrations of nitrogen dioxide and mortality: A meta-analysis of cohort studies","volume":"29","author":"Atkinson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"2025010717225666600_ieam4435-bib-0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109652","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109652","article-title":"Correlation between environmental pollution indicators and COVID-19 pandemic: A brief study in Californian context","volume":"187","author":"Bashir","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environmental Research"},{"key":"2025010717225666600_ieam4435-bib-0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109814","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109814","article-title":"Understanding COVID-19 diffusion requires an interdisciplinary, multi-dimensional approach","volume":"188","author":"Bontempi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environmental Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025010717225666600_ieam4435-bib-0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1513\/pats.200908-093RM","article-title":"How much, how long, what, and where: Air pollution exposure assessment for epidemiologic studies of respiratory disease","volume":"7","author":"Brauer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society"},{"key":"2025010717225666600_ieam4435-bib-0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/734690","article-title":"The effects of temperature and relative humidity on the viability of the SARS coronavirus","volume":"2011","author":"Chan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Advances in Virology"},{"key":"2025010717225666600_ieam4435-bib-0013","author":"Chen","year":"2020"},{"issue":"14","key":"2025010717225666600_ieam4435-bib-0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1080\/08958370701665434","article-title":"Air pollution and respiratory viral infection","volume":"19","author":"Ciencewicki","year":"2007","journal-title":"Inhalation Toxicology"},{"key":"2025010717225666600_ieam4435-bib-0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3603380","article-title":"How high wind speed can reduce negative effects of confirmed cases and total deaths of COVID-19 infection in society","author":"Coccia","year":"2020","journal-title":"SSRN Journal"},{"key":"2025010717225666600_ieam4435-bib-0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3567841","article-title":"Diffusion of COVID-19 outbreaks: The interaction between air pollution-to-human and human-to-human transmission dynamics in hinterland regions with cold weather and low average wind speed","author":"Coccia","year":"2020","journal-title":"SSRN Journal"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025010717225666600_ieam4435-bib-0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1007\/s10640-020-00486-1","article-title":"The effects of air pollution on COVID-19 related mortality in Northern Italy","volume":"76","author":"Coker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environmental and Resource Economics"},{"key":"2025010717225666600_ieam4435-bib-0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114465","article-title":"Can atmospheric pollution be considered a co-factor in extremely high level of SARS-CoV-2 lethality in Northern Italy?","volume":"261","author":"Conticini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environmental Pollution"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025010717225666600_ieam4435-bib-0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos11040377","article-title":"Does air pollution influence COVID-19 outbreaks?","volume":"11","author":"Contini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Atmosphere"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025010717225666600_ieam4435-bib-0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-2-15","article-title":"Air pollution and case fatality of SARS in the People's Republic of China: An ecologic study","volume":"2","author":"Cui","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environmental Health"},{"key":"2025010717225666600_ieam4435-bib-0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109861","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109861","article-title":"Influence of airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 on COVID-19 pandemic. A review","volume":"188","author":"Domingo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environmental Research"},{"issue":"16","key":"2025010717225666600_ieam4435-bib-0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1564","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2004973","article-title":"Aerosol and surface stability of SARS-CoV-2 as compared with SARS-CoV-1","volume":"382","author":"Doremalen","year":"2020","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"2025010717225666600_ieam4435-bib-0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.144325","article-title":"The impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions, demographic, social, and climatic factors on the initial growth rate of COVID-19: A cross-country study","volume":"760","author":"Duhon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"issue":"12","key":"2025010717225666600_ieam4435-bib-0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1833","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.07.014","article-title":"COVID-19 and comorbidities: Deleterious impact on infected patients","volume":"13","author":"Ejaz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Infection and Public Health"},{"key":"2025010717225666600_ieam4435-bib-0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114732","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114732","article-title":"Role of the chronic air pollution levels in the Covid-19 outbreak risk in Italy","volume":"264","author":"Fattorini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environmental Pollution"},{"issue":"24","key":"2025010717225666600_ieam4435-bib-0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9318","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17249318","article-title":"Associations between COVID-19 incidence rates and the exposure to PM2.5 and NO2: A nationwide observational study in Italy","volume":"17","author":"Fiasca","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"},{"key":"2025010717225666600_ieam4435-bib-0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.143355","article-title":"Associations between mortality from COVID-19 in two Italian regions and outdoor air pollution as assessed through tropospheric nitrogen dioxide","volume":"760","author":"Filippini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025010717225666600_ieam4435-bib-0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/S0013-9351(89)80033-7","article-title":"Nitrogen dioxide exposure in vivo and human alveolar macrophage inactivation of influenza virus in vitro","volume":"48","author":"Frampton","year":"1989","journal-title":"Environmental Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025010717225666600_ieam4435-bib-0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2020.05.031","article-title":"Severe air pollution links to higher mortality in COVID-19 patients: The \u201cdouble-hit\u201d hypothesis","volume":"81","author":"Frontera","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Infection"},{"key":"2025010717225666600_ieam4435-bib-0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1923","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32225-6","article-title":"Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks for 195 countries and territories, 1990\u20132017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017","volume":"392","author":"Global Burden of Disease","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet (London, England)"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025010717225666600_ieam4435-bib-0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2001361","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01361-2020","article-title":"Go slow to go fast: A plea for sustained scientific rigour in air pollution research during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"56","author":"Heederik","year":"2020","journal-title":"European Respiratory Journal"},{"key":"2025010717225666600_ieam4435-bib-0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.115126","article-title":"COVID-19 prevalence and fatality rates in association with air pollution emission concentrations and emission sources","volume":"265","author":"Hendryx","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environmental Pollution"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025010717225666600_ieam4435-bib-0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.13538","article-title":"Short-term exposure to ambient air pollution in association with COVID-19 in two clusters in South Korea","volume":"26","author":"Hoang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Tropical Medicine & International Health"},{"issue":"24","key":"2025010717225666600_ieam4435-bib-0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9275","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17249275","article-title":"Air pollution is associated with COVID-19 incidence and mortality in Vienna, Austria","volume":"17","author":"Hutter","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025010717225666600_ieam4435-bib-0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11869-020-00906-7","article-title":"The association between COVID-19 deaths and short-term ambient air pollution\/meteorological condition exposure: A retrospective study from Wuhan, China","volume":"14","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health"},{"key":"2025010717225666600_ieam4435-bib-0036","first-page":"106316","author":"Konstantinoudis","year":"2021"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025010717225666600_ieam4435-bib-0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2008.06.003","article-title":"Effects of nitrogen dioxide on human health: Systematic review of experimental and epidemiological studies conducted between 2002 and 2006","volume":"212","author":"Latza","year":"2009","journal-title":"International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health"},{"issue":"7569","key":"2025010717225666600_ieam4435-bib-0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1038\/nature15371","article-title":"The contribution of outdoor air pollution sources to premature mortality on a global scale","volume":"525","author":"Lelieveld","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2025010717225666600_ieam4435-bib-0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.05.076","article-title":"Air pollution and temperature are associated with increased COVID-19 incidence: A time series study","volume":"97","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"2025010717225666600_ieam4435-bib-0040","first-page":"100047","author":"Liang","year":"2020"},{"key":"2025010717225666600_ieam4435-bib-0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111035","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.111035","article-title":"Region-specific air pollutants and meteorological parameters influence COVID-19: A study from mainland China","volume":"204","author":"Lin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety"},{"issue":"16","key":"2025010717225666600_ieam4435-bib-0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2045","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa422","article-title":"Population movement, city closure in Wuhan and geographical expansion of the 2019-nCoV pneumonia infection in China in January 2020","volume":"71","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clinical Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"2025010717225666600_ieam4435-bib-0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.26633\/RPSP.2020.159","article-title":"Ambient air pollutants and their effect on COVID-19 mortality in the United States of America","volume":"44","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Revista Panamericana de Salud P\u00fablica"},{"key":"2025010717225666600_ieam4435-bib-0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143929","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.143929","article-title":"Air pollution exposure and COVID-19: A look at mortality in Mexico City using individual-level data","volume":"756","author":"L\u00f3pez-Feldman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"key":"2025010717225666600_ieam4435-bib-0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115835","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2020.115835","article-title":"The relationship between air pollution and COVID-19-related deaths: An application to three French cities","volume":"279","author":"Magazzino","year":"2020","journal-title":"Applied Energy"},{"issue":"10229","key":"2025010717225666600_ieam4435-bib-0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30628-0","article-title":"COVID-19: Consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression","volume":"395","author":"Mehta","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"2025010717225666600_ieam4435-bib-0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2669","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-020-10689-0","article-title":"Pollution, economic growth, and COVID-19 deaths in India: A machine learning evidence","volume":"28","author":"Mele","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environmental Science and Pollution Research"},{"key":"2025010717225666600_ieam4435-bib-0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143948","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.143948","article-title":"Effect of environmental pollutants PM-2.5, carbon monoxide, and ozone on the incidence and mortality of SARS-COV-2 infection in ten wildfire affected counties in California","volume":"757","author":"Meo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025010717225666600_ieam4435-bib-0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25359","DOI":"10.1038\/srep25359","article-title":"Comparative and kinetic analysis of viral shedding and immunological responses in MERS patients representing a broad spectrum of disease severity","volume":"6","author":"Min","year":"2016","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"2025010717225666600_ieam4435-bib-0050","author":"Myllyvirta","year":"2020"},{"key":"2025010717225666600_ieam4435-bib-0051","author":"Notari","year":"2020"},{"key":"2025010717225666600_ieam4435-bib-0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138605","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.138605","article-title":"Assessing nitrogen dioxide (NO2) levels as a contributing factor to coronavirus (COVID-19) fatality","volume":"726","author":"Ogen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"key":"2025010717225666600_ieam4435-bib-0053","author":"Pansini","year":"2020"},{"issue":"14","key":"2025010717225666600_ieam4435-bib-0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2247","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvaa288","article-title":"Regional and global contributions of air pollution to risk of death from COVID-19","volume":"116","author":"Pozzer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cardiovascular Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025010717225666600_ieam4435-bib-0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003027","article-title":"Potential gains in life expectancy by attaining daily ambient fine particulate matter pollution standards in mainland China: A modeling study based on nationwide data","volume":"17","author":"Qi","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLOS Med"},{"key":"2025010717225666600_ieam4435-bib-0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144020","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.144020","article-title":"Air pollution, sociodemographic and health conditions effects on COVID-19 mortality in Colombia: An ecological study","volume":"756","author":"Rodriguez-Villamizar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"key":"2025010717225666600_ieam4435-bib-0057","author":"Setti","year":"2020"},{"issue":"8","key":"2025010717225666600_ieam4435-bib-0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1007\/s11869-020-00863-1","article-title":"Impact of lockdown on air quality in India during COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"13","author":"Singh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health"},{"key":"2025010717225666600_ieam4435-bib-0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138810","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.138810","article-title":"Impact of weather on COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey","volume":"728","author":"\u015eahin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"key":"2025010717225666600_ieam4435-bib-0060","first-page":"115859","author":"Travaglio","year":"2021"},{"key":"2025010717225666600_ieam4435-bib-0061","article-title":"Association between air pollution in Lima and the high incidence of COVID-19: Findings from a post hoc analysis","author":"Vasquez-Apestegui","year":"2020","journal-title":"ResearchSquare"},{"key":"2025010717225666600_ieam4435-bib-0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.139133","article-title":"Changes in air quality related to the control of coronavirus in China: Implications for traffic and industrial emissions","volume":"731","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"key":"2025010717225666600_ieam4435-bib-0063","author":"Wu","year":"2020"},{"key":"2025010717225666600_ieam4435-bib-0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109941","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109941","article-title":"Temporal association between particulate matter pollution and case fatality rate of COVID-19 in Wuhan","volume":"189","author":"Yao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environmental Research"},{"key":"2025010717225666600_ieam4435-bib-0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.140244","article-title":"Effects of meteorological conditions and air pollution on COVID-19 transmission: Evidence from 219 Chinese cities","volume":"741","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"key":"2025010717225666600_ieam4435-bib-0066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138704","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.138704","article-title":"Association between short-term exposure to air pollution and COVID-19 infection: Evidence from China","volume":"727","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"key":"2025010717225666600_ieam4435-bib-0067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.140005","article-title":"Assessing the relationship between ground levels of ozone (O3) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) with coronavirus (COVID-19) in Milan, Italy","volume":"740","author":"Zoran","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"issue":"139825","key":"2025010717225666600_ieam4435-bib-0068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139825","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.139825","article-title":"Assessing the relationship between surface levels of PM2.5 and PM10 particulate matter impact on COVID-19 in Milan, Italy","volume":"738","author":"Zoran","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"}],"container-title":["Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ieam.4435","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/ieam.4435","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ieam\/article-pdf\/17\/6\/1114\/59422162\/ieam4435.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ieam\/article-pdf\/17\/6\/1114\/59422162\/ieam4435.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]],"date-time":"2025-01-07T18:04:35Z","timestamp":1736273075000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ieam\/article\/17\/6\/1114\/7727011"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ieam.4435","relation":{},"ISSN":["1551-3777","1551-3793"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1551-3777","type":"print"},{"value":"1551-3793","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-03-05","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-04-19","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-05-20","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}