{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T22:59:27Z","timestamp":1791932367468,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,22]],"date-time":"2023-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700611200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":21,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Immunity Inflam &amp;amp; Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Auto\u2010antibodies neutralizing the activity of type I interferons have been recently described in patients infected by SARS\u2010CoV\u20102. They can be present even before the onset of the infection. Since type I interferons exert a dichotomous role in the pathogenesis of acute versus chronic HIV infection and auto\u2010antibodies are often found in untreated and anti\u2010retroviral treated HIV<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> patients, we investigated whether auto\u2010antibodies anti\u2010type I interferons are present at high prevalence in those HIV<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> patients with concomitant opportunistic infections (OIs).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The analysis of auto\u2010antibodies against two types of type I interferons (IFN\u2010\u03b12 and IFN\u2010\u03c9) was performed using the ELISA test in 60 patients chronically infected by HIV who showed concomitant infections caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis or nontuberculosis mycobacterium or with active cytomegalovirus infections. Results were compared with those of 283 SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 swab positive patients showing mild to severe pneumonia. A chi\u2010square (<jats:italic>\u03c7<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>) test or the Wilcoxon\u2013Mann\u2013Whitney test were used to compare the HIV<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> patient categorical or continuous variables, respectively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A high prevalence of auto\u2010antibodies to type I interferons was found in middle\u2010aged HIV\u2010infected patients with concomitant OIs (11.6% vs. 5.3% in COVID\u201019 subjects; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.05). No statistically differences were found for viro\/immunological characteristics (CD4 and CD8 cell counts and viral load) between patients with and without type I interferons auto\u2010antibodies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study, which is the first searching auto\u2010antibodies against type I interferons in HIV\u2010infected patients, demonstrated that their prevalence was higher than that expected by the age of these patients. Furthermore, it indicated that these auto\u2010antibodies are nonspecifically increased in critical SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 infection but can be found also in other infections.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/iid3.1056","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,24]],"date-time":"2023-11-24T00:22:58Z","timestamp":1700785378000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["High frequency of type I interferon auto\u2010antibodies in a group of middle\u2010aged HIV\u2010infected patients: A cross\u2010sectional exploratory study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Luisa","family":"Imberti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Microbiology University of Brescia  Brescia Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paola","family":"Magro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases University of Brescia  Brescia Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Sottini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Chemistry Laboratory ASST Spedali Civili of Brescia  Brescia Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Virginia","family":"Quaresima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Chemistry Laboratory ASST Spedali Civili of Brescia  Brescia Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Castelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases University of Brescia  Brescia Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1452-9100","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eugenia","family":"Quiros\u2010Roldan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases University of 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