{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T01:31:30Z","timestamp":1770773490924,"version":"3.50.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,27]],"date-time":"2023-12-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1703635200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":26,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Immunity Inflam &amp;amp; Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The efficacy of immunization against an airborne pathogen depends in part on its ability to induce antibodies at the major entry site of the virus, the mucosa. Recent studies have revealed that mucosal immunity is poorly activated after vaccination with messenger RNA vaccines, thus failing in blocking virus acquisition upon its site of initial exposure. Little information is available about the induction of mucosal immunity by inactivated and recombinant coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID\u201019) vaccines. This study aims to investigate this topic.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Saliva and plasma samples from 440 healthy Congolese were collected including (1) fully vaccinated 2 month postvaccination with either an inactivated or a recombinant COVID\u201019 vaccine and (2) nonvaccinated control group. Total anti\u2010severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 receptor\u2010binding domain IgG and IgA antibodies were assessed using in\u2010house enzyme\u2010linked immunosorbent assays for both specimens.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>Altogether, the positivity of IgG was significantly higher in plasma than in saliva samples both in vaccinated and nonvaccinated control groups. Inversely, IgA positivity was slightly higher in saliva than in plasma of vaccinated group. The overall IgG and IgA levels were respectively over 10<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup> and 14 times lower in saliva than in plasma samples. We found a strong positive correlation between IgG in saliva and plasma also between IgA in both specimens (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.70 for IgG and <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.52 for IgA). Interestingly, contrary to IgG, the level of salivary IgA was not different between seropositive control group and seropositive vaccinated group. No significant difference was observed between recombinant and inactivated COVID\u201019 vaccines in total IgG and IgA antibody concentration release 2 months postvaccination both in plasma and saliva.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Inactivated and recombinant COVID\u201019 vaccines in use in the Republic of Congo poorly activated mucosal IgA\u2010mediated antibody response 2 months postvaccination.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/iid3.1116","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,27]],"date-time":"2023-12-27T05:15:56Z","timestamp":1703654156000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Mucosal response of inactivated and recombinant COVID\u201019 vaccines in Congolese individuals"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Freisnel H.","family":"Mouzinga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Fondation Congolaise pour la Recherche M\u00e9dicale  Brazzaville Republic of Congo"},{"name":"Facult\u00e9 des Sciences et Techniques Universit\u00e9 Marien Ngouabi  Brazzaville Republic of Congo"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Constanze","family":"Heinzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Tropical Medicine University of T\u00fcbingen  T\u00fcbingen Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abel","family":"Lissom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fondation Congolaise pour la Recherche M\u00e9dicale  Brazzaville Republic of Congo"},{"name":"Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science University of Bamenda  Bamenda Cameroon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Kreidenweiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Tropical Medicine University of T\u00fcbingen  T\u00fcbingen Germany"},{"name":"Centre de Recherches M\u00e9dicales de Lambar\u00e9n\u00e9 (CERMEL)  Lambarene Gabon"},{"name":"German Center for Infectious Diseases (DZIF) Partner Site T\u00fcbingen  T\u00fcbingen Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Armel L.","family":"Batchi\u2010Bouyou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fondation Congolaise pour la Recherche M\u00e9dicale  Brazzaville Republic of Congo"},{"name":"Facult\u00e9 des Sciences et Techniques Universit\u00e9 Marien Ngouabi  Brazzaville Republic of Congo"},{"name":"Global Clinical Scholars Research Training Program Harvard Medical School  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jacques D.","family":"Mbama Ntabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fondation Congolaise pour la Recherche M\u00e9dicale  Brazzaville Republic of Congo"},{"name":"Facult\u00e9 des Sciences et Techniques Universit\u00e9 Marien Ngouabi  Brazzaville Republic of Congo"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jean C.","family":"Djontu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fondation Congolaise pour la Recherche M\u00e9dicale  Brazzaville Republic of Congo"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Etienne","family":"Ngumbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facult\u00e9 des Sciences et Techniques Universit\u00e9 Marien Ngouabi  Brazzaville Republic of Congo"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter G.","family":"Kremsner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Tropical Medicine University of T\u00fcbingen  T\u00fcbingen Germany"},{"name":"Centre de Recherches M\u00e9dicales de Lambar\u00e9n\u00e9 (CERMEL)  Lambarene Gabon"},{"name":"German Center for Infectious Diseases (DZIF) Partner Site T\u00fcbingen  T\u00fcbingen Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rolf","family":"Fendel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Tropical Medicine University of T\u00fcbingen  T\u00fcbingen Germany"},{"name":"Centre de Recherches M\u00e9dicales de Lambar\u00e9n\u00e9 (CERMEL)  Lambarene Gabon"},{"name":"German Center for Infectious Diseases (DZIF) Partner Site T\u00fcbingen  T\u00fcbingen Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4748-050X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francine","family":"Ntoumi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fondation Congolaise pour la Recherche M\u00e9dicale  Brazzaville Republic of Congo"},{"name":"Institute of Tropical Medicine University of T\u00fcbingen  T\u00fcbingen 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