{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T00:15:12Z","timestamp":1790554512046,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,10]],"date-time":"2024-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704844800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":9,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Immunity Inflam &amp;amp; Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>For the unclear pathogenesis of Sjogren's syndrome (SS), further exploration is necessary. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and derived exosomes (MSCs\u2010exo) have exhibited promising results in treating SS.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Object<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study aimed to investigate the effect and mechanism of human umbilical cord MSCs (UC\u2010MSCs) on SS.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Nonobese Diabetic\u00a0(NOD) mouse splenic T cells were co\u2010cultured with UC\u2010MSCs and UC\u2010MSCs\u2010exo, and interferon\u2010gamma (IFN\u2010\u03b3),\u00a0interleukin (IL)\u20106, IL\u201010, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and transforming\u00a0growth factor\u2010\u03b21 (TGF\u2010\u03b21) levels in the supernatant were assessed by quantitative real\u2010time polymerase chain reaction\u00a0and enzyme\u2010linked immunosorbent assay. Co\u2010cultured T cells were injected into NOD\u00a0mice via the tail vein. The inflammatory cell infiltration in the intestine and the submandibular gland was characterized by hematoxylin\u2010eosin\u00a0staining. Treg\/Th17 homeostasis within the spleen was determined by flow cytometry. Gut microbiota was detected by 16S rRNA sequencing, and the relationship between differential microbiota and Treg\/Th17 cytokines was analyzed by the Pearson correlation coefficient.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>UC\u2010MSCs, UC\u2010MSCs\u2010exo, and NOD mouse splenic T cells were successfully cultured and identified. After T cells were co\u2010cultured with UC\u2010MSCs and UC\u2010MSCs\u2010exo, both IFN\u2010\u03b3 and IL\u20106 were decreased while IL\u201010, PGE2, and TGF\u2010\u03b21 were increased in transcriptional and translational levels. UC\u2010MSCs and UC\u2010MSCs\u2010exo partially restored salivary secretion function, reduced Ro\/SSA antibody and \u03b1\u2010Fodrin immunoglobulin A levels, reduced inflammatory cell infiltration in the intestine and submandibular gland, raised proportion of Treg cells, decreased IFN\u2010\u03b3, IL\u20106, IL\u20102, IL\u201017, lipopolysaccharide, and tumor necrosis factor\u2010alpha levels, and raised IL\u201010, Foxp3, and TGF\u2010\u03b21 levels by affecting co\u2010cultured T cells. The intervention of UC\u2010MSCs and UC\u2010MSCs\u2010exo improved intestinal homeostasis in NOD mice by increasing microbiota diversity and richness. Additionally, differential microbiota was significantly associated with Treg\/Th17 cytokine levels.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Human UC\u2010MSCs and UC\u2010MSCs\u2010exo improved disease characterization of SS in NOD mice through regulation of gut microbiota and Treg\/Th17 cellular immunity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/iid3.1139","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,10]],"date-time":"2024-01-10T14:10:30Z","timestamp":1704895830000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells improve disease characterization of Sjogren's syndrome in NOD mice through regulation of gut microbiota and Treg\/Th17 cellular immunity"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Yao","family":"Zou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jinan University Guangzhou Guangdong 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