{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T14:07:36Z","timestamp":1788962856780,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]],"date-time":"2024-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706745600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]],"date-time":"2024-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706745600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001411","name":"Indian Council of Medical Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001411","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Immunity Inflam &amp; Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus\u20102 (SARS\u2010CoV\u20102), a causative pathogen of the COVID\u201019 pandemic, affects all age groups. However, various studies have shown that COVID\u201019 presentation and severity vary considerably with age. We, therefore, wanted to examine the differences between the immune responses of children with COVID\u201019 and elderly COVID\u201019 individuals.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We analyzed cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, and acute phase proteins in acute and convalescent COVID\u201019 children and the elderly with acute and convalescent COVID\u201019.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We show that most of the pro\u2010inflammatory cytokines (interferon [IFN]\u03b3,\u00a0interleukin\u00a0[IL]\u20102, tumor necrosis factor\u2010\u03b1 [TNF\u03b1], IL\u20101\u03b1, IFN\u03b1, IFN\u03b2, IL\u20106, IL\u201012, IL\u20103, IL\u20107, IL\u20101Ra, IL\u201013, and IL\u201010), chemokines (CCL4, CCL11, CCL19, CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL8, and CXL10), growth factors (vascular endothelial growth factor\u00a0and CD40L) and acute phase proteins (C\u2010reactive protein,\u00a0serum amyloid P,\u00a0and haptoglobin) were decreased in children with acute COVID 19 as compared with elderly individuals. In contrast, children with acute COVID\u201019 exhibited elevated levels of cytokines\u2010 IL\u20101\u03b2, IL\u201033, IL\u20104, IL\u20105, and IL\u201025, growth factors\u2014fibroblast growth factor\u20102, platelet\u2010 derived growth factors\u2010BB, and transforming growth factor\u03b1 as compared with elderly individuals. Similar, differences were manifest in children and elderly with convalescent COVID\u201019.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Thus, COVID\u201019 children are characterized by distinct cytokine\/chemokine\/growth factor\/acute phase protein markers that are markedly different from elderly COVID\u201019 individuals.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/iid3.1167","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]],"date-time":"2024-02-01T07:29:40Z","timestamp":1706772580000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Elucidating systemic immune responses to acute and convalescent SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 infection in children and elderly individuals"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8143-5502","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anuradha","family":"Rajamanickam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of ICER National Institutes of Health\u2010National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis\u2014International Center for Excellence in Research  Chennai India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pavan Kumar","family":"Nathella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology ICMR\u2212National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis  Chennai India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aishwarya","family":"Venkataraman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Research ICMR\u2212National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis  Chennai India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Padmapriyadarsini","family":"Chandrasekaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Research ICMR\u2212National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis  Chennai India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sasidaran","family":"Rajendraprasath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education &amp; Research  Chennai India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bella D.","family":"Devaleenal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Research ICMR\u2212National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis  Chennai India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arul Nancy","family":"Pandiarajan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of ICER National Institutes of Health\u2010National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis\u2014International Center for Excellence in Research  Chennai India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gowshika","family":"Krishnakumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education &amp; Research  Chennai India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Padmasani","family":"Venkat Ramanan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education &amp; Research  Chennai India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Subash","family":"Babu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of ICER National Institutes of Health\u2010National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis\u2014International Center for Excellence in Research  Chennai India"},{"name":"Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health  Bethesda Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","first-page":"355","article-title":"Why is COVID\u201019 less severe in children? 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